Article:1.6.3: Difference between revisions

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Replaced content with "{{Article |HasTitle=Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law |HasAuthor=Levi Cooper |BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism |HasTimePeriod=Before 1772 |HasRegion=Galicia |HasExtension=Ex-1.6.3-1; Ex-1.4.3-2; Ex-1.6.3-3; Ex-1.6.3-4; Ex-1.6.3-5 |HasRelatedEntries=1.6.1; 1.6.2 |HasMainPicture=1.6.3-Rema-7a |HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472605171 }}"
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:#2E74B5;
mso-themecolor:accent1;
mso-themeshade:191;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;
font-weight:normal;}
h6
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 6 Char";
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:2.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
text-align:right;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
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mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
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mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-themetint:166;
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mso-bidi-language:HE;
font-weight:normal;
font-style:italic;}
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mso-style-priority:9;
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mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:2.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
text-align:right;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:#595959;
mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-themetint:166;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
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mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 8 Char";
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin:0cm;
text-align:right;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:8;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:#272727;
mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-themetint:216;
mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;
font-style:italic;}
p.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9
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mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 9 Char";
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text-align:right;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan lines-together;
page-break-after:avoid;
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mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
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mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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font-family:"Garamond",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Narkisim;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
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{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Comment Text Char";
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-bidi-font-family:Narkisim;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
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text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 216.0pt right 432.0pt;
direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
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font-family:"Garamond",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Narkisim;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
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text-align:justify;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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direction:rtl;
unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Narkisim;
mso-ansi-language:EN-AU;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
span.MsoFootnoteReference
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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span.MsoCommentReference
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mso-style-priority:99;
mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;}
p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle
{mso-style-priority:10;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Title Char";
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margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:4.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:right;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
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mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;
mso-ligatures:standardcontextual;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
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{mso-style-priority:10;
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p.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle, li.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle, div.MsoTitleCxSpMiddle
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p.MsoTitleCxSpLast, li.MsoTitleCxSpLast, div.MsoTitleCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:10;
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
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margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:4.0pt;
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p.MsoSubtitle, li.MsoSubtitle, div.MsoSubtitle
{mso-style-priority:11;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Subtitle Char";
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margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
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a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p.MsoCommentSubject, li.MsoCommentSubject, div.MsoCommentSubject
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"Comment Text";
mso-style-link:"Comment Subject Char";
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margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;
font-weight:bold;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
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margin:0cm;
text-align:justify;
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unicode-bidi:embed;
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font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
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mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:HE;}
p.MsoRMPane, li.MsoRMPane, div.MsoRMPane
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mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-parent:"";
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mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
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p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
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margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:36.0pt;
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margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
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p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
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p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
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p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
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margin-right:43.2pt;
margin-bottom:18.0pt;
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mso-padding-alt:10.0pt 0cm 10.0pt 0cm;
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><a name="_Hlk207276208"></a><b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;color:#2E74B5;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of
Jewish Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Levi Cooper<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;color:#EE0000;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Rabbi Mosheh
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Isserles (d. 1572) is the doyen
of Jewish law for Ashkenazi Jewry. A native of Krak w, he is widely known by
the acronym Rema which gave rise to the motto:  <i>U-venei yisrael yotse im
be-yad</i> <i>Rema</i>    and the children of Israel go out by the hand of
Rema, a pun on the biblical verse in Exod. 14:8 where the final word means high
hand and is originally spelled with the Hebrew letter <i>heh</i> at the end,
but here spelled with an <i>aleph</i> to indicate Mosheh Isserles. Rema s
halakhic positions are best known from his annotations to <i>Shul&#7717;an
&#699;Arukh</i> [The Set Table]  the code of Jewish law penned by Rema s
contemporary, Rabbi <a name="_Hlk208138135"><b>Joseph </b></a><b>Karo</b>
(1488-1575). </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
JI'>Rema was born in Kazimierz just outside Krak w and journeyed to Lublin to
study with Rabbi <b>Shalom Shakhna</b> (d. 1558). At that time, a debate took
place among scholars in Lublin concerning the codification of Jewish law. The
issue at hand was whether it was an appropriate and worthy enterprise to write
a book of rulings that summarizes the halakhic discourse and establishes clear
rules of conduct. The debate in Lublin was occurring at the same time as Rabbi
Karo was busy with his codificatory projects, but the two deliberations were
independent of each other. Indeed, the </span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>first volume of Rabbi Karo s halakhic work, <i>Beit Yosef</i> [The House
of Joseph], was published in Venice in 1550, while the debate in Lublin
preceded that date, before Rema returned to Krak w sometime before 1547. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The efforts
to write comprehensive and summative halakhic works were related to the
invention of the printing press, which triggered codificatory processes in many
jurisdictions. Thus, in 1506 a collection of Latin sources of Polish law was
published in Krak w. The work included the laws of the Sejm, royal edicts,
international agreements, and customs. In 1519, King Sigismund I the Old (1467-1548)
approved the codification of Armenian law in Latin for the Armenians residing
in his kingdom. Nearby territories responded with their own codifications, such
as that of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566, 1588), and the province of
Mazovia (1532, 1540). These cultural and intellectual trends within the Kingdom
of Poland did not bypass the Jewish world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Despite his
students  entreaties, Rabbi Shalom Shakhna refused to write a code of law, or
any legal treatise. He feared that such a book might limit the freedom of
future jurists to rule as they saw fit, since they might feel bound by the
written word. His own approach, as his son communicated it, was to encourage
each person to make time-sensitive rulings (<i>hora at <span class=GramE>sha </span>ah</i>)
according to his own heart. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftn1"
name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>One of Rabbi
Shalom Shakhna s disciples, Rabbi <b>&#7716;ayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg</b>
(ca. 1525-1588), followed his teacher s approach and staunchly opposed any type
of codification of Jewish law. He specifically attacked one of Rema s
codificatory works, as well as Rabbi Karo s </span><i><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. Rabbi &#7716;ayim s younger brother  Rabbi <b>Yehudah
L w</b>, the famed <b>Maharal</b> <b>of Prague</b> (d. 1609)  also opposed
codification of Jewish law. Rabbi &#7716;ayim s resistance was articulated in
the introduction to his book, which was printed many years after his death
under the provocative title <i>Vikua&#7717; Mayim &#7716;ayim</i> [The Flowing
Waters Polemic], Amsterdam 1712. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Another
student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna, Rabbi <b>Shelomoh Luria</b>, the <b>Maharshal</b>
(1510-1573), suggested combining theoretical study with halakhic ruling,
striking a balance between adherence to the argumentative discourse in talmudic
pericopes and the need to reach a halakhic verdict from the inter-generational
discussions and debates. This method was presented in his book <i>Yam shel Shelomoh</i>
[The Sea of Solomon], which was written on some  though not all  tractates of
Talmud. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema was the
one student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna who sought to contribute to the
codification of Jewish law, by providing crisp rules that could be understood
by all. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A royal
document from 1547 affirms Rema s status as <i>seniori Doctorum Judaorum</i> 
the rabbinic elder with exclusive authority to approve marital engagements and
to perform weddings for the Jews of Krak w and its environs, as well as to
appoint agents to perform these functions. This may well have been the first
encounter between the Jews of Krak w and the surrounding areas with Rema s
legal authority. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:
36.0pt;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Upon his return to Krak w, Rema established a <i>yeshiva</i>, the
traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic
literature. From this period, Halakhic responsa written by Rema to inquirers
from afar have survived. In addition, Rema s annotations to <i>Sefer
Ha-Mordekhai</i>  a 13<sup>th</sup> century Ashkenazi halakhic treatise by
Rabbi <b>Mordechai ben Hillel</b> (c. 1250 1298)  have also reached us. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It is
possible that Rema began at this time to write <i>Darkhei Mosheh</i> [The Ways
of Moses], a significant compilation of halakhic opinions that was designed to
complement Rabbi Karo s <i>Beit Yosef</i>. This treatise was only published
more than a century after Rema s death, and it is unclear whether it was his
first halakhic work. In Rema s own day the contents of this work <span
class=GramE>was</span> not known to those who did not have access to the
autograph manuscript or copies of the work. Thus, Rema s standing as a leading
halakhic decisor and the story of Krak w s transformation into a center of
Torah learning and authority cannot be attributed to this work. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s first
published work was a commentary on the Book of Esther titled <i>Me</i></span><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ir Yayin</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> [The Price
of Wine] which was printed in 1559. A decade later Rema printed a philosophical
work titled <i>Torat Ha-&#699;olah</i> [The Treatise of the Burnt Offering].
Neither of these works dealt with Halakha. Rema s philosophical writing was not
limited to these two works: he also wrote commentaries on the Zohar that were
not printed, as well as writings about astronomy that have survived in
manuscript. These writings are not responsible for Rema s acclaim as a notable
halakhic authority. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s first halakhic work to be printed
was <i>Zot Torat Ha-<span class=GramE>&#7717;a&#7789;at<span style='font-style:
normal'> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(</span></span></i>or simply, <i>Torat
ha-&#7716;a&#7789;at</i>, or <span class=GramE><i>Torat <span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&#7716;a&#7789;at</i></span>) [The Law of the
Sin Offering, or slight variations of this title], which was published in
Krak w in 1569. The book dealt with Jewish dietary laws (<i>kashrut</i>) and
was based on the format of the 13<sup>th</sup> century work <i>Sha&#699;arei
Dura </i>[The Gates of Dura], written by Rabbi <b>Yits&#7717;a&#7731; ben Meir
of Dura</b> (D ren, Germany). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Three
hundred years had passed since <i>Sha&#699;arei Dura</i> was written and many
facets of life had changed. According to Rema, ignorance of Jewish law was rife
and there was a need to lay out the most basic rules of <i>kashrut</i>. <i>Sha&#699;arei
Dura</i> s popularity was undisputed. It had been widely disseminated since the
advent of the printing press: over the course of 30 years prior to 1569, it had
been published in four editions. In addition, this book had prompted a
significant body of literature annotating, elucidating, and expanding the
original text. Alas, the scope of this complementary literature made it
difficult for readers to extract clear halakhic directives. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Cognizant of
the impact of printing on the book s content, Rema wrote that printers had
inserted commentaries and annotations into the body of the text,  and whoever
sees them says that they were all spoken at [Mount] Sinai, and rules in
accordance with them.  Rema s solution was to rewrite the treatise, while
retaining the original structure and offering clear halakhic rulings. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>As for the
legal methodology underpinning his rulings, Rema declared that he had privileged
custom and given precedence to the halakhic positions of recent Ashkenazi
scholars. In this way, Rema indicated that his method diverged from that of two
great decisors of his generation  Rabbi Karo and Maharshal. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rabbi Karo
codificatory writings relied on principles that he himself had formulated. In
particular, Rabbi Karo based his decisions on  the three pillars of
instruction    Rabbi<b> Yi&#7827;&#7717;a&#7731; Alfasi</b>, the<b> Rif</b> (1013-1103),
<b>Moses Maimonides</b>, the<b> Rambam</b> (1138-1204), and Rabbi <b>Asher ben
Ye&#7717;iel</b>, the <b>Rosh</b> (1250-1327). These medieval scholars came
from different locations and lived in different periods, such that Rabbi Karo
had created a virtual panel of judges who never actually sat together. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Maharshal s
method was to examine legal topics from their roots in the Talmud, through the
ebb and flow of the discourse over the ages. Maharshal avoided privileging the
opinions of specific decisors, received traditions, or existing custom. His
analytical method was rigorous, independent, and merits-based.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It should be
said that as opposed to Sephardi tradition, Ashkenazi tradition was not based
on codificatory writing. For this reason, Rema presented his <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>
enterprise as arising from the need to preserve Ashkenazi rulings and make them
accessible. He depicted his efforts as a contribution to the content of
halakhic discourse, and not as an intervention in its presentation as a
codification of Jewish law. Despite this declaration of intent, when Rema chose
a particular halakhic stance, he rejected the other halakhic positions even if
they were part of Ashkenazi tradition. By presenting clear rulings in an
organized manner and in accessible language with purported authority, Rema
acted as a codifier of Halakha. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema may
have begun to compose <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> even before he learned
of the existence of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>  Rabbi Karo s second
halakhic work that was printed in 1564-1565, only five years before <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>
was published. Stylistically, both works were codificatory works that presented
the reader with succinct directives, without in-depth discussions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</v:line><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In his introduction to <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>,
Rema explained why there was a need for a <i>kashrut</i> treatise, even though <i>Shul&#7717;an
&#699;Arukh </i>included <i>kashrut</i> laws. First, he argued that Rabbi Karo
  a native of Spain who had been exiled to Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and
Egypt, eventually settling in Safed  had not given proper voice to Ashkenazi
conventions. In response, Rema sought to add Ashkenazi voices to the halakhic conversation.
Second, Rema wrote for Jews  in these lands.  The title page of <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>
  penned by Rema, the printer, or both together  specified that  these lands
referred to Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bohemia, Moravia, and Germany and
France. In this way, Rema sought to unify Halakha for all the communities that
would come to be included under the rubric  Ashkenazim.  This aspect of his
enterprise provoked the ire of his former peer at the yeshiva in Lublin, Rabbi &#7716;ayim
ben Betsalel of Friedberg, who believed in local rabbinic authority and
preservation of customs and practices within each community of those lands,
rather than unifying the entire region.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Another
halakhic work by Rema was appended to the volume of <i>Torat ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>:
The laws of <i>Niddah</i> [a menstruating woman] from Rabbi Karo s <i>Shul&#7717;an
&#699;Arukh</i>, accompanied by Rema s annotations. As Rema stated on the title
page of the addendum, his annotations were intended to  make known what is the
custom in these lands. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftn2"
name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> This
addendum is the first installation of Rema s great halakhic enterprise:
annotations on the entire <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In Rema s
eyes, <i>Shul&#7717;an</i> <i>&#699;Arukh</i> was indeed a marvelous work,
although it was marred by substantial flaws. First, as mentioned above, it did
not give adequate expression to halakhic opinions and customs of Ashkenazi Jewry.
Second, Rabbi Karo s decision-making rules, especially his reliance on a
virtual panel of judges, contravened the halakhic tradition that avoided ruling
according to rigid rules. Third, <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> presented
Halakha as a legal system devoid of divergent opinions and steely debate. Rema
sought to remedy these flaws by presenting contrary views held by Ashkenazi
sages alongside the <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> text,  in order to awaken
the minds of students in every place, that they should know that his words are
subject to disagreement,  as well as to document the accepted custom in his own
geographic region. </span><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Shortly
after the appearance of <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> with Rema s
annotations to the laws of <i>Niddah</i>, the first volume of the <i>Shul&#7717;an</i>
<i>&#699;Arukh</i> &#8210; the <a name="_Hlk165277823"><i>Ora&#7717;</i> <i>&#7716;ayim</i></a>
section (dealing with laws pertaining to the rituals of daily life) &#8210; was
printed in Krak w together with Rema s annotations. Rema passed away less than
two years after this volume was published, and he did not see the entire work
in print. Some five years later, all four sections of <i>Shul&#7717;an</i> <i>&#699;Arukh</i>
with Rema s annotations were published in Krak w: </span><i><span lang=EN-AU
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Yoreh De ah</span></i><span
lang=EN-AU style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'> (1577-1578),
<i>&#7716;oshen Mishpat</i> (1579-1580), <i>Even <span class=GramE>Ha </span>ezer</i>
(1580), and again <i>Ora&#7717; &#7716;ayim</i> (1580)</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s introduction to the laws of <i>Niddah</i>
was reprinted at the beginning of each of the four annotated volumes of <i>Shul&#7717;an</i>
<i>&#699;Arukh</i>. There he explained his intention in writing supplementary
notes to Rabbi Karo s code:  I came after him to spread a tablecloth (<i>mapah</i>)
on the Set Table that he composed, and [laid] upon it every delightful fruit
and delicacy beloved by people.  The popular designation of Rema s annotations,
<i>Ha-Mapah</i> [the tablecloth], was drawn from this statement. Rema s
intention was to upgrade Rabbi Karo s project, but it should be noted that when
a cloth is spread over a table that has already been set, the table no longer
appears as it was before!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>What was it
that endowed this native of Krak w with the status of one of the greatest
halakhic decisors and preeminent legal authorities amongst Ashkenazi Jewry? How
did Rema achieve this status in his own generation and retain it in subsequent
ones, notwithstanding challenges from rivals like Maharshal and from opponents
like Rabbi &#7716;ayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg and his younger brother
Maharal of Prague? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The claim
that Rema gained prominence because of his goal of unifying the Halakha of
these land  into a single Ashkenazi custom does not tell the entire story,
since the first work that made this claim  <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> 
is actually his lesser-known halakhic work. It seems that the positive
reception of his rulings and his place within the canon should be attributed to
the way in which his decisions were published. Rather than publishing
stand-alone works, Rema chose to piggyback on Rabbi Karo s <i>Shul&#7717;an</i>
<i>&#699;Arukh</i>. He disseminated his opinions as annotations to a halakhic
work from a different geographical region that had already been favorably
received, providing an integrated text. Rema s tablecloth transformed the
appearance of Rabbi Karo s set table, such that editions published during the
17<sup>th</sup> century included both <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh </i>and the <i>Mapah.</i>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh </span></i></b><b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and Rema s
annotations, 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries editions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:
  center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Edition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:
  center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:
  center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Place<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:
  center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:
  center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Description</span></b><b><span
  lang=HE style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
  "Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1564-1565<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1566-1567<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1567<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1
  vol.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Salonika
  (Thessaloniki)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1567-1568<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2
  vols. <i>Ora&#7717; &#7716;ayim</i> (OH) and <i>Yoreh De ah</i> (YD). <i>Even
  <span class=GramE>Ha </span>ezer</i> (EH) and <i>&#7716;oshen Mishpat</i> (HM)
    no record of their publication</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
  11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
  EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1569<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1
  vol. Laws of Niddah, appended to Rema s <i>Torat &#7716;atat</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1570-1571<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1
  vol. OH<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1574<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., based on (1) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1574<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., small format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1577-1578<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., small format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1577-1580<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>11<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1583-1586<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2
  vols. OH and YD, based on (10). EH and HM  no record of their publication <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1593-1594<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., based on (11) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1593-1594<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., based on Krak w editions (10, 11, 12), with additions from (8) Venice
  1574<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Salonika<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>(Thessaloniki)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1595-1596<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2
  vols., OH and YD. EH and HM  no record of their publication <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1597-1598<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., small format and large format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1606-1607<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1616-1620<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Hanau<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1627-1628<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., small format, based on (16) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1632<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., based on (13) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan
  Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
  mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
  major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Amsterdam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1641-1642<o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
  <td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;
  line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU
  style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
  major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4
  vols., based on (18) </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;
  font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
  mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
  EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  </td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:
embed'><span lang=EN-AU style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>At the end
of the first edition of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>, <i>Yoreh De&#699;ah</i>,
the proofreader Rabbi <b>Abraham Mena&#7717;em Porto </b>(c. 1520  1594) wrote
that publishing was like giving a manuscript  wings with which to fly
throughout the world, in such a manner that wherever the word of the king
reaches there is joy and happiness for the Jews. <a style='mso-footnote-id:
ftn3' href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> These
were the wings that brought the Sephardi <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> to
Ashkenazi Krak w. The integration of Rema s annotations transformed the code
into a combined work. When this combined work was published, it was able to
spread its wings from east to west. </span><span lang=HE dir=RTL
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s
achievement was somewhat paradoxical. On one hand, he deconstructed the uniform
code written by Rabbi Karo and created a form of halakhic dialogue on each page
of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>. On the other hand, by refashioning the
work as a composite treatise of Jewish law he contributed to the acceptance of <i>Shul&#7717;an
&#699;Arukh</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The result
was that it became difficult  both practically and intellectually  to read
Rabbi Karo s codification without hearing the intervention of Rema s voice.
Each page offers more than one halakhic tradition and the work in its entirety
represents two different cultures. Those who study the work hear two voices
that are constantly in dialogue. In this manner, Rema s status in the annals of
Halakha was sealed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It is no
wonder that the Maharshal  Rema s contemporary and kinsman, but also his
halakhic adversary<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a>
  wrote to him:  About you it is fitting to say: From Moses to Moses, there was
no one like Moses. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a>
Today, on Rema s tombstone in Krak w similar praises are inscribed:  He taught
Torah in Israel, raised myriads disciples who were champions of Israel, from Moses
to Moses, there was no one like Moses in Israel. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thus, from
his home in Krak w, during his relatively short lifetime, Rema left an
indelible mark on the world of Halakha; a stamp that persists to this day. To
the extent that Ashkenazi Jewry  go out </span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>by the hand of Rema</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>,  it is fair to say that Jews who seek to learn and to teach, to
observe and to perform the commandments  go out  holding on to the precious
tomes of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> with Rema s annotations. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;
page-break-after:avoid;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Select
Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Ben-Mena&#7717;em,
Naftali.  Ha-defusim ha-rishonim shel ha-Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh . In: <i>Rabbi
Yosef Karo:</i> <i>&#699;Iyunim u-me&#7717;&#7731;arim be-mishnat maran
ba&#699;al ha-Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>, ed.</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'> Yi&#7827;&#7717;a&#7731;</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
JI'> Refa el, Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1969, 101-120 </span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Cooper, Levi.  Tabling Codification of Jewish Law: Perspectives on
Sixteenth-Century Ventures,  <i>Jewish History</i> 37 (2024): 323-356, </span><span
lang=EN-AU><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5"><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5</span></a></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Davis, Joseph.  The Reception of the Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh and the
Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity,  <i>AJS Review</i> 26 (2002), 251-276<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Elon, Menach</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>em. <i>Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles</i>. Philadelphia:
The Jewish Publication Society, 1994, vol. 3, 1309-1366</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Fram, Edward. <i>The Codification of Jewish Law on the Cusp of Modernity</i>.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Haberman, Jacob.  Hit&#7731;ablut ha-shul&#7717;an &#699;arukh ke-sefer
musmakh ba-masoret ha-yehudit,  <i>Mahut</i> 10 (Spring </span><span dir=RTL></span><span
lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span dir=RTL></span>1993</span><span dir=LTR></span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span dir=LTR></span>), 35-42<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Reiner, El&#7717;anan.  Yashan mi-pnei &#7717;adash: &#699;al temurot
be-tekhanei limmud be-yeshivot polin ba-mei ah ha-16 ve-yeshivato shel Rema
be-Krak w . In: <i>Zekhor davar le-&#699;avdekha: Essays and Studies in Memory
of Dov Rappel</i>, ed. Shmuel Glick, Jerusalem: Lifshitz College of Education,
2007 <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Reiner, Elhanan.  The Ashkenazi Elite at the Beginning of the Modern
Era: Manuscript versus Printed Book,  <i>Polin</i> 10 (1996), 85-98<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Rosenthal, &#7716;ayim Shlomo.  Mavo , In: <i>Darkhei Mosheh ha-shalem
[ha- arokh]  &#7717;oshen mishpa&#7789;</i>, Jerusalem: Machon Yerushalayim,
1979-1983, vol. 1, 19-34<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Schatz, Andrea and Pavel Sl dek.  The Editor s Place: Samuel Boehm and
the Transfer of Italian Print Culture to Cracow,  <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i>
112 (2022), 468-519<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Siev, Ascher.  The Glosses of the Ramo on the Mordecai . In: <i>Hagut
Ivrit Be Ameri&#7731;a</i>, ed. Menahem Zohori, Arie Tartakover, and Haim
Ormian, vol. 1, Tel Aviv: Brit-Ivrit Olamit, 1972, 426-439 [in Hebrew]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Siev, Asher. <i>Rabbi Moses Isserles (Ramo)</i>, New York: Yeshiva
University Press, 1972<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Siev, Asher. <i>She[ elot] u-te[shuvot] ha-Rema</i>. Jerusalem: Hemed,
1970, Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US'>Twersky, Isadore.  The Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh: Enduring Code of
Jewish Law,  <i>Judaism: A Quarterly Journal</i> 16, no. 2 (Spring 1967):
141-158<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]><br clear=all>
<hr align=left size=1 width="33%">
<![endif]>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn1>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText align=left style='text-align:left;direction:ltr;
unicode-bidi:embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftnref1"
name="_ftn1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span
dir=RTL></span><span lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:
major-bidi'><span dir=RTL></span> </span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:
"David",sans-serif'>Teshuvot mei-ha-rema</span></i><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Krak w 1640),  25, fol. 59 col. 4 
fol. 65 col. 4. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn2>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
HE'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span>
</span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Zot Torat Ha-</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>a</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7789;</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>at</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Krak w [1569]), fol. 85r. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn3>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
HE'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Mena</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>em Porto Ha-Cohen Ashkenazi,
[untitled], in: <i>Shul</i></span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>an </span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>&#699;</span></i><i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Arukh</span></i><span
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Venice 1565), [fol. 132r],
paraphrasing Esther 8:17.</span><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn4>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
HE'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span>
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>See, for
example, Maharshal s harsh critique of Rema s reliance on Aristotle, printed in
<i>Teshuvot me-ha-Rema</i>,  6, fol. 9, col. 4, and fol. 10, col. 4  fol. 11,
col. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn5>
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
HE'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span>
</span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Teshuvot
me-ha-Rema</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>,
67, fol. 132, col. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Revision as of 17:05, 26 May 2026






     Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law
Levi Cooper
         Topics
  • Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism
Period Before 1772
Region Galicia
NLI Code 997013604472605171 



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     [[|thumb|150px|center|Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law]]



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