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2026-06-03T23:24:49Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-9&diff=594
Image:1.6.3-Rema-9
2026-06-03T20:14:10Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-9<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Rema’s gravestone in the cemetery, behind the Rema’s Synagogue. Photograph: 2016.'''<br />
The epitaph praises Rema for his righteousness, his legal activity, and for educating legions of students. The declaration, “From Moses to Moses none arose like Moses” – is the same epitaph that appears at the gravesite of Maimonides in Tiberias, Israel. The epitaph declares that from biblical Moses to Moses Maimonides there was no one as great as Moses. Here the phrase is extended to Moses Isserles, as an exemplary master of law. The slips of paper, kvitlakh, are requests for divine assistance placed there by visitors to the gravesite. The tombstone was renewed in 1794.<br />
|HasOnlineSource=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%22%D7%90._%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91_(1).jpg<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|DepictsPlace=Kraków<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-8&diff=593
Image:1.6.3-Rema-8
2026-06-03T20:14:08Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-8<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Visiting Rema’s grave in Kraków on Lag Ba-ʻOmer. '''Photograph: May 5, 1931. <br />
Rema’s gravesite was the site of a yearly pilgrimage on Lag Ba-ʻOmer, which is also the anniversary of Rema’s death in 1572.<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Digital Archives, Poland<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|DepictsPlace=Kraków<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1918-1939<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-7b&diff=592
Image:1.6.3-Rema-7b
2026-06-03T20:14:03Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-7b.png<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-7b<br />
|HasImageCaption='''The first page from S''''''''hulḥan ʻArukh, Oraḥ Ḥayim'''''''', by Rabbi Joseph Karo, with Rema’s annotations, Kraków 1580 (the second edition of the Oraḥ Ḥayim section). <br />
'''Rema’s annotations are printed in a smaller typeface and are positioned either following or abutting Rabbi Karo’s words, and sometimes in parentheses within the body of Rabbi Karo’s text.<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Library of Israel<br />
|HasOnlineSource=https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH990013344320205171/NLI<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Culture - Print; Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-7a&diff=591
Image:1.6.3-Rema-7a
2026-06-03T20:14:01Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-7a.jpg<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-7a<br />
|HasImageCaption='''''Shulḥan ʻArukh, Oraḥ Ḥayim'''''''', by Rabbi Joseph Karo, with Rema’s annotations, Kraków 1580, title page '''(the second edition of the Oraḥ Ḥayim section)'''. <br />
'''<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Library of Israel<br />
|HasOnlineSource=https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH990013344320205171/NLI<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-6&diff=590
Image:1.6.3-Rema-6
2026-06-03T20:13:59Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-6<br />
|HasImageCaption='''''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'''''''', Kraków [1569], second title page, fol. 85r. <br />
'''The bottom of the page highlights Rema’s intended audience: “to make known what is the custom in these lands.”<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Library of Israel.<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Culture - Print; Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-5&diff=589
Image:1.6.3-Rema-5
2026-06-03T20:13:57Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-5.png<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-5<br />
|HasImageCaption='''''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'''''''', Kraków [1569?], title page. '''<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Library of Israel.<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism; Culture - Print<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-4&diff=588
Image:1.6.3-Rema-4
2026-06-03T20:13:54Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-4.jpg<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-4<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Holy ark for the Torah, Rema Synagogue in Kraków.''' Photograph,2016.<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasOnlineSource=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%22%D7%90_-_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_(2).jpg<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|DepictsPlace=Kraków<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism; Culture - Art<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-3&diff=587
Image:1.6.3-Rema-3
2026-06-03T20:13:50Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-3.jpg<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-3<br />
|HasImageCaption='''"New Synagogue" in Kraków, later referred to as "Rema Synagogue."''' Photograph: 1927.<br />
Built in the 16th century by Israel, Rema’s father, a wealthy man and local leader, in memory of his wife Malka. The synagogue is still active.<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasSourceDescription=National Archives in Kraków)<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|DepictsPlace=Kraków<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-2&diff=586
Image:1.6.3-Rema-2
2026-06-03T20:13:46Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-2.jpg<br />
|ImageID=1.6.3-Rema-2<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Metryka Koronna, the Crown Records, manuscript in Latin from 1547, vol. 73, fol. 382v.'''<br />
The emboldened text in the middle of the page reads: ''Moysi seniori doctorum Judaeorum casimiriensium facultas matrimonii vinculum dandi concessa'' – Moses, the rabbinic elder of the Jews of Kazimierz, is granted the right to perform marriages<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasSourceDescription=Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding - Legal Status; Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:1.6.3-Rema-1&diff=585
Image:1.6.3-Rema-1
2026-06-03T20:13:41Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
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<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:1.6.3-Rema-1.jpg<br />
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|HasImageCaption='''Chancellor Jan Łasky (1456-1531) presents the codification of Polish Law to King Aleksander Jagiellończyk (Alexander Jagiellon, 1461-1506).''' <br />
From the first illustrated work printed in Poland (Com[m]une incliti Poloni[a]e Regni priuilegium co[n]stitutionu[m] [et] indultuu[m] publicitus decretorum approbatoru[m]q[ue]), Kraków, 1506.<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasOnlineSource=https://polona.pl/item-view/502676f0-ef77-4988-9fe8-f143fb763933?page=10<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding - Legal Status<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
}}</div>
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File:1.6.3-Rema-1.jpg
2026-06-03T20:06:36Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-2.jpg&diff=583
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2026-06-03T20:06:17Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-3.jpeg&diff=582
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2026-06-03T20:05:51Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-4.jpg&diff=581
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2026-06-03T20:04:58Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-5.png&diff=580
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2026-06-03T20:04:43Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-6.png&diff=579
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2026-06-03T20:04:27Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-7b.png&diff=578
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2026-06-03T20:04:12Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-8.jpg&diff=577
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2026-06-03T20:03:28Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=File:1.6.3-Rema-9.jpg&diff=576
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2026-06-03T20:03:12Z
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http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:1.6.3&diff=575
Article:1.6.3
2026-06-03T19:38:52Z
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<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law<br />
|HasAuthor=Levi Cooper<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.6.3-1; Ex-1.4.3-2; Ex-1.6.3-3; Ex-1.6.3-4; Ex-1.6.3-5<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.6.1; 1.6.2<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.6.3-Rema-7a<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472605171<br />
}}<br />
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<span id="rabbi-mosheh-isserles-and-the-codification-of-jewish-law"></span><br />
= Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law =<br />
<br />
'''Levi Cooper'''<br />
<br />
Rabbi Mosheh Isserles (d. 1572) is the doyen of Jewish law for Ashkenazi Jewry. A native of Kraków, he is widely known by the acronym Rema which gave rise to the motto: “''U-venei yisrael yotse’im be-yad'' ''Rema''” – and the children of Israel go out by the hand of Rema, a pun on the biblical verse in Exod. 14:8 where the final word means high hand and is originally spelled with the Hebrew letter ''heh'' at the end, but here spelled with an ''aleph'' to indicate Mosheh Isserles. Rema’s halakhic positions are best known from his annotations to [https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/44|''Shulḥan ʻArukh''] [The Set Table] – the code of Jewish law penned by Rema’s contemporary, Rabbi '''Joseph Karo''' (1488-1575).<br />
<br />
Rema was born in Kazimierz just outside Kraków and journeyed to Lublin to study with Rabbi '''Shalom Shakhna''' (d. 1558). At that time, a debate took place among scholars in Lublin concerning the codification of Jewish law. The issue at hand was whether it was an appropriate and worthy enterprise to write a book of rulings that summarizes the halakhic discourse and establishes clear rules of conduct. The debate in Lublin was occurring at the same time as Rabbi Karo was busy with his codificatory projects, but the two deliberations were independent of each other. Indeed, the first volume of Rabbi Karo’s halakhic work, ''Beit Yosef'' [The House of Joseph], was published in Venice in 1550, while the debate in Lublin preceded that date, before Rema returned to Kraków sometime before 1547.<br />
<br />
The efforts to write comprehensive and summative halakhic works were related to the invention of the printing press, which triggered codificatory processes in many jurisdictions. Thus, in 1506 a collection of Latin sources of Polish law was published in Kraków. The work included the laws of the Sejm, royal edicts, international agreements, and customs [[1.6.3-Rema-1|'''(fig.1)''']]. In 1519, King Sigismund I the Old (1467-1548) approved the codification of Armenian law in Latin for the Armenians residing in his kingdom. Nearby territories responded with their own codifications, such as that of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566, 1588), and the province of Mazovia (1532, 1540). These cultural and intellectual trends within the Kingdom of Poland did not bypass the Jewish world.<br />
<br />
Despite his students’ entreaties, Rabbi Shalom Shakhna refused to write a code of law, or any legal treatise. He feared that such a book might limit the freedom of future jurists to rule as they saw fit, since they might feel bound by the written word. His own approach, as his son communicated it, was to encourage “each person to make time-sensitive rulings (''hora’at sha‘ah'') according to his own heart.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Teshuvot mei-ha-rema'' (Kraków 1640), §25, fol. 59 col. 4 – fol. 65 col. 4.</ref><br />
<br />
One of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna’s disciples, Rabbi '''Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg''' (ca. 1525-1588), followed his teacher’s approach and staunchly opposed any type of codification of Jewish law. He specifically attacked one of Rema’s codificatory works, as well as Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''. Rabbi Ḥayim’s younger brother – Rabbi '''Yehudah Löw''', the famed [[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/414|'''Maharal''' '''of Prague''']] (d. 1609) – also opposed codification of Jewish law. Rabbi Ḥayim’s resistance was articulated in the introduction to his book, which was printed many years after his death under the provocative title ''Vikuaḥ Mayim Ḥayim'' [The Flowing Waters Polemic], Amsterdam 1712.<br />
<br />
Another student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna, Rabbi [[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/1183|'''Shelomoh Luria''']], the '''Maharshal''' (1510-1573), suggested combining theoretical study with halakhic ruling, striking a balance between adherence to the argumentative discourse in talmudic pericopes and the need to reach a halakhic verdict from the inter-generational discussions and debates. This method was presented in his book ''Yam shel Shelomoh'' [The Sea of Solomon], which was written on some – though not all – tractates of Talmud.<br />
<br />
Rema was the one student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna who sought to contribute to the codification of Jewish law, by providing crisp rules that could be understood by all.<br />
<br />
A royal document from 1547 affirms Rema’s status as ''seniori Doctorum Judaorum'' – the rabbinic elder with exclusive authority to approve marital engagements and to perform weddings for the Jews of Kraków and its environs, as well as to appoint agents to perform these functions. This may well have been the first encounter between the Jews of Kraków and the surrounding areas with Rema’s legal authority '''(fig. 2)'''.<br />
<br />
Upon his return to Kraków, Rema established a ''yeshiva'', the traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature. From this period, Halakhic responsa written by Rema to inquirers from afar have survived. In addition, Rema’s annotations to ''Sefer Ha-Mordekhai'' – a 13<sup>th</sup> century Ashkenazi halakhic treatise by Rabbi '''Mordechai ben Hillel''' (c. 1250–1298) – have also reached us.<br />
<br />
It is possible that Rema began at this time to write [[Ex-1.6.3-2|''Darkhei Mosheh'']] [The Ways of Moses], a significant compilation of halakhic opinions that was designed to complement Rabbi Karo’s ''Beit Yosef''. This treatise was only published more than a century after Rema’s death, and it is unclear whether it was his first halakhic work. In Rema’s own day the contents of this work was not known to those who did not have access to the autograph manuscript or copies of the work. Thus, Rema’s standing as a leading halakhic decisor and the story of Kraków’s transformation into a center of Torah learning and authority cannot be attributed to this work.<br />
<br />
Rema’s first published work was a commentary on the Book of Esther titled ''Meḥir Yayin'' [The Price of Wine] which was printed in 1559. A decade later Rema printed a philosophical work titled ''Torat Ha-ʻolah'' [The Treatise of the Burnt Offering]. Neither of these works dealt with Halakha. Rema’s philosophical writing was not limited to these two works: he also wrote [[Ex-1.6.3-1|commentaries on the Zohar]] that were not printed, as well as writings about astronomy that have survived in manuscript. These writings are not responsible for Rema’s acclaim as a notable halakhic authority.<br />
<br />
Rema’s first halakhic work to be printed was ''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' (or simply, ''Torat ha-Ḥaṭat'', or ''Torat Ḥaṭat'') [The Law of the Sin Offering, or slight variations of this title], which was published in Kraków in 1569. The book dealt with Jewish dietary laws (''kashrut'') and was based on the format of the 13<sup>th</sup> century work ''Shaʻarei Dura'' [The Gates of Dura], written by Rabbi '''Yitsḥaḳ ben Meir of Dura''' (Düren, Germany).<br />
<br />
Three hundred years had passed since ''Shaʻarei Dura'' was written and many facets of life had changed. According to Rema, ignorance of Jewish law was rife and there was a need to lay out the most basic rules of ''kashrut''. ''Shaʻarei Dura''’s popularity was undisputed. It had been widely disseminated since the advent of the printing press: over the course of 30 years prior to 1569, it had been published in four editions. In addition, this book had prompted a significant body of literature annotating, elucidating, and expanding the original text. Alas, the scope of this complementary literature made it difficult for readers to extract clear halakhic directives.<br />
<br />
Cognizant of the impact of printing on the book’s content, Rema wrote that printers had inserted commentaries and annotations into the body of the text, “and whoever sees them says that they were all spoken at [Mount] Sinai, and rules in accordance with them.” Rema’s solution was to rewrite the treatise, while retaining the original structure and offering clear halakhic rulings.<br />
<br />
As for the legal methodology underpinning his rulings, Rema declared that he had privileged custom and given precedence to the halakhic positions of recent Ashkenazi scholars. In this way, Rema indicated that his method diverged from that of two great decisors of his generation – Rabbi Karo and Maharshal.<br />
<br />
Rabbi Karo codificatory writings relied on principles that he himself had formulated. In particular, Rabbi Karo based his decisions on “the three pillars of instruction” – Rabbi '''Yiẓḥaḳ Alfasi''', the '''Rif''' (1013-1103), '''Moses Maimonides''', the '''Rambam''' (1138-1204), and Rabbi '''Asher ben Yeḥiel''', the '''Rosh''' (1250-1327). These medieval scholars came from different locations and lived in different periods, such that Rabbi Karo had created a virtual panel of judges who never actually sat together.<br />
<br />
Maharshal’s method was to examine legal topics from their roots in the Talmud, through the ebb and flow of the discourse over the ages. Maharshal avoided privileging the opinions of specific decisors, received traditions, or existing custom. His analytical method was rigorous, independent, and merits-based.<br />
<br />
It should be said that as opposed to Sephardi tradition, Ashkenazi tradition was not based on codificatory writing. For this reason, Rema presented his ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' enterprise as arising from the need to preserve Ashkenazi rulings and make them accessible. He depicted his efforts as a contribution to the content of halakhic discourse, and not as an intervention in its presentation as a codification of Jewish law. Despite this declaration of intent, when Rema chose a particular halakhic stance, he rejected the other halakhic positions even if they were part of Ashkenazi tradition. By presenting clear rulings in an organized manner and in accessible language with purported authority, Rema acted as a codifier of Halakha.<br />
<br />
Rema may have begun to compose ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' even before he learned of the existence of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' – Rabbi Karo’s second halakhic work that was printed in 1564-1565, only five years before ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' was published. Stylistically, both works were codificatory works that presented the reader with succinct directives, without in-depth discussions.<br />
<br />
In his introduction to ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'', Rema explained why there was a need for a ''kashrut'' treatise, even though ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' included ''kashrut'' laws. First, he argued that Rabbi Karo – a native of Spain who had been exiled to Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Egypt, eventually settling in Safed – had not given proper voice to Ashkenazi conventions. In response, Rema sought to add Ashkenazi voices to the halakhic conversation. Second, Rema wrote for Jews “in these lands.” The title page of ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' [[1.6.3-Rema-5|'''(fig. 5)''']] – penned by Rema, the printer, or both together – specified that “these lands” referred to Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bohemia, Moravia, and Germany and France. In this way, Rema sought to unify Halakha for all the communities that would come to be included under the rubric “Ashkenazim.” This aspect of his enterprise provoked the ire of his former peer at the yeshiva in Lublin, Rabbi Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg, who believed in local rabbinic authority and preservation of customs and practices within each community of those lands, rather than unifying the entire region.<br />
<br />
Another halakhic work by Rema was appended to the volume of ''Torat ha-ḥaṭat'': The laws of ''Niddah'' [a menstruating woman] from Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'', accompanied by Rema’s annotations. As Rema stated on the title page of the addendum, his annotations were intended to “make known what is the custom in these lands.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' (Kraków [1569]), fol. 85r.</ref> [[1.6.3-Rema-6|'''(fig. 6)''']] This addendum is the first installation of Rema’s great halakhic enterprise: annotations on the entire ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''.<br />
<br />
In Rema’s eyes, ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' was indeed a marvelous work, although it was marred by substantial flaws. First, as mentioned above, it did not give adequate expression to halakhic opinions and customs of Ashkenazi Jewry. Second, Rabbi Karo’s decision-making rules, especially his reliance on a virtual panel of judges, contravened the halakhic tradition that avoided ruling according to rigid rules. Third, ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' presented Halakha as a legal system devoid of divergent opinions and steely debate. Rema sought to remedy these flaws by presenting contrary views held by Ashkenazi sages alongside the ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' text, “in order to awaken the minds of students in every place, that they should know that his words are subject to disagreement,” as well as to document the accepted custom in his own geographic region.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the appearance of ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' with Rema’s annotations to the laws of ''Niddah'', the first volume of the ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' ‒ the ''Oraḥ'' ''Ḥayim'' section (dealing with laws pertaining to the rituals of daily life) ‒ was printed in Kraków together with Rema’s annotations. Rema passed away less than two years after this volume was published, and he did not see the entire work in print. Some five years later, all four sections of ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' with Rema’s annotations were published in Kraków: ''Yoreh De’ah'' (1577-1578), ''Ḥoshen Mishpat'' (1579-1580), ''Even Ha‘ezer'' (1580), and again ''Oraḥ Ḥayim'' (1580).<br />
<br />
Rema’s introduction to the laws of ''Niddah'' was reprinted at the beginning of each of the four annotated volumes of ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh''. There he explained his intention in writing supplementary notes to Rabbi Karo’s code: “I came after him to spread a tablecloth (''mapah'') on the Set Table that he composed, and [laid] upon it every delightful fruit and delicacy beloved by people.” The popular designation of Rema’s annotations, ''Ha-Mapah'' [the tablecloth], was drawn from this statement. Rema’s intention was to upgrade Rabbi Karo’s project, but it should be noted that when a cloth is spread over a table that has already been set, the table no longer appears as it was before!<br />
<br />
What was it that endowed this native of Kraków with the status of one of the greatest halakhic decisors and preeminent legal authorities amongst Ashkenazi Jewry? How did Rema achieve this status in his own generation and retain it in subsequent ones, notwithstanding challenges from rivals like Maharshal and from opponents like Rabbi Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg and his younger brother Maharal of Prague?<br />
<br />
The claim that Rema gained prominence because of his goal of unifying the Halakha of “these land” into a single Ashkenazi custom does not tell the entire story, since the first work that made this claim – ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' – is actually his lesser-known halakhic work. It seems that the positive reception of his rulings and his place within the canon should be attributed to the way in which his decisions were published. Rather than publishing stand-alone works, Rema chose to piggyback on Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh''. He disseminated his opinions as annotations to a halakhic work from a different geographical region that had already been favorably received, providing an integrated text. Rema’s tablecloth transformed the appearance of Rabbi Karo’s set table, such that editions published during the 17<sup>th</sup> century included both ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' and the ''Mapah.''<br />
<br />
'''''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' and Rema’s annotations, 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries editions'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Edition'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"|<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Place'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Year'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1564-1565<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1566-1567<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 3<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1567<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Salonika (Thessaloniki)<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1567-1568<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols. ''Oraḥ Ḥayim'' (OH) and ''Yoreh De’ah'' (YD). ''Even Ha‘ezer'' (EH) and ''Ḥoshen Mishpat'' (HM) – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 5<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1569<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol. Laws of Niddah, appended to Rema’s ''Torat Ḥatat''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 6<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1570-1571<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol. OH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 7<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1574<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (1)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 8<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1574<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 9<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1577-1578<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 10<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1577-1580<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 11<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1583-1586<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols. OH and YD, based on (10). EH and HM – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 12<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1593-1594<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (11)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 13<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1593-1594<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on Kraków editions (10, 11, 12), with additions from (8) Venice 1574<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 14<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Salonika<br />
<br />
(Thessaloniki)<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1595-1596<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols., OH and YD. EH and HM – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 15<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1597-1598<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format and large format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 16<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1606-1607<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 17<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1616-1620<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 18<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Hanau<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1627-1628<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, based on (16)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 19<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotation<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1632<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (13)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 20<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Amsterdam<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1641-1642<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (18)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
At the end of the first edition of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'', ''Yoreh Deʻah'', the proofreader Rabbi '''Abraham Menaḥem Porto''' (c. 1520 – 1594) wrote that publishing was like giving a manuscript “wings with which to fly throughout the world, in such a manner that wherever the word of the king reaches there is joy and happiness for the Jews.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>Menaḥem Porto Ha-Cohen Ashkenazi, [untitled], in: ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' (Venice 1565), [fol. 132r], paraphrasing Esther 8:17.</ref> These were the wings that brought the Sephardi ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' to Ashkenazi Kraków. The integration of Rema’s annotations transformed the code into a combined work. When this combined work was published, it was able to spread its wings from east to west.<br />
<br />
Rema’s achievement was somewhat paradoxical. On one hand, he deconstructed the uniform code written by Rabbi Karo and created a form of halakhic dialogue on each page of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''. On the other hand, by refashioning the work as a composite treatise of Jewish law he contributed to the acceptance of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''.<br />
<br />
The result was that it became difficult – both practically and intellectually – to read Rabbi Karo’s codification without hearing the intervention of Rema’s voice. Each page offers more than one halakhic tradition and the work in its entirety represents two different cultures. Those who study the work hear two voices that are constantly in dialogue. In this manner, Rema’s status in the annals of Halakha was sealed.<br />
<br />
It is no wonder that the Maharshal – Rema’s contemporary and kinsman, but also his halakhic adversary<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>See, for example, Maharshal’s harsh critique of Rema’s reliance on Aristotle, printed in ''Teshuvot me-ha-Rema'', §6, fol. 9, col. 4, and fol. 10, col. 4 – fol. 11, col. 1.</ref> – wrote to him: “About you it is fitting to say: From Moses to Moses, there was no one like Moses.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Teshuvot me-ha-Rema'', §67, fol. 132, col. 2.</ref> Today, on Rema’s tombstone in Kraków similar praises are inscribed: “He taught Torah in Israel, raised myriads disciples who were champions of Israel, from Moses to Moses, there was no one like Moses in Israel.” [[1.6.3-Rema-8|'''(figs. 8,''']] [[1.6.3-Rema-9|'''9)''']].<br />
<br />
Thus, from his home in Kraków, during his relatively short lifetime, Rema left an indelible mark on the world of Halakha; a stamp that persists to this day. To the extent that Ashkenazi Jewry “go out by the hand of Rema,” it is fair to say that Jews who seek to learn and to teach, to observe and to perform the commandments “go out” holding on to the precious tomes of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' with Rema’s annotations.<br />
<br />
'''Select Bibliography'''<br />
<br />
Ben-Menaḥem, Naftali. “Ha-defusim ha-rishonim shel ha-Shulḥan ʻArukh”. In: ''Rabbi Yosef Karo:'' ''ʻIyunim u-meḥḳarim be-mishnat maran baʻal ha-Shulḥan ʻArukh'', ed. Yiẓḥaḳ Refa’el, Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1969, 101-120<br />
<br />
Cooper, Levi. “Tabling Codification of Jewish Law: Perspectives on Sixteenth-Century Ventures,” ''Jewish History'' 37 (2024): 323-356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5<br />
<br />
Davis, Joseph. “The Reception of the Shulḥan ʻArukh and the Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity,” ''AJS Review'' 26 (2002), 251-276<br />
<br />
Elon, Menachem. ''Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles''. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1994, vol. 3, 1309-1366<br />
<br />
Fram, Edward. ''The Codification of Jewish Law on the Cusp of Modernity''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022<br />
<br />
Haberman, Jacob. “Hitḳablut ha-shulḥan ʻarukh ke-sefer musmakh ba-masoret ha-yehudit,” ''Mahut'' 10 (Spring <span dir="rtl">1993</span>), 35-42<br />
<br />
Reiner, Elḥanan. “Yashan mi-pnei ḥadash: ʻal temurot be-tekhanei limmud be-yeshivot polin ba-mei’ah ha-16 ve-yeshivato shel Rema be-Kraków”. In: ''Zekhor davar le-ʻavdekha: Essays and Studies in Memory of Dov Rappel'', ed. Shmuel Glick, Jerusalem: Lifshitz College of Education, 2007<br />
<br />
Reiner, Elhanan. “The Ashkenazi Elite at the Beginning of the Modern Era: Manuscript versus Printed Book,” ''Polin'' 10 (1996), 85-98<br />
<br />
Rosenthal, Ḥayim Shlomo. “Mavo”, In: ''Darkhei Mosheh ha-shalem [ha-’arokh] … ḥoshen mishpaṭ'', Jerusalem: Machon Yerushalayim, 1979-1983, vol. 1, 19-34<br />
<br />
Schatz, Andrea and Pavel Sládek. “The Editor’s Place: Samuel Boehm and the Transfer of Italian Print Culture to Cracow,” ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 112 (2022), 468-519<br />
<br />
Siev, Ascher. “The Glosses of the Ramo on the Mordecai”. In: ''Hagut Ivrit Be’Ameriḳa'', ed. Menahem Zohori, Arie Tartakover, and Haim Ormian, vol. 1, Tel Aviv: Brit-Ivrit Olamit, 1972, 426-439 [in Hebrew]<br />
<br />
Siev, Asher. ''Rabbi Moses Isserles (Ramo)'', New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1972<br />
<br />
Siev, Asher. ''She[’elot] u-te[shuvot] ha-Rema''. Jerusalem: Hemed, 1970, Introduction<br />
<br />
Twersky, Isadore. “The Shulḥan ʻArukh: Enduring Code of Jewish Law,” ''Judaism: A Quarterly Journal'' 16, no. 2 (Spring 1967): 141-158<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
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Article:1.6.3
2026-06-03T16:00:57Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law<br />
|HasAuthor=Levi Cooper<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.6.3-1; Ex-1.4.3-2; Ex-1.6.3-3; Ex-1.6.3-4; Ex-1.6.3-5<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.6.1; 1.6.2<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.6.3-Rema-7a<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472605171<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<span id="rabbi-mosheh-isserles-and-the-codification-of-jewish-law"></span><br />
= Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law =<br />
<br />
'''Levi Cooper'''<br />
<br />
Rabbi Mosheh Isserles (d. 1572) is the doyen of Jewish law for Ashkenazi Jewry. A native of Kraków, he is widely known by the acronym Rema which gave rise to the motto: “''U-venei yisrael yotse’im be-yad'' ''Rema''” – and the children of Israel go out by the hand of Rema, a pun on the biblical verse in Exod. 14:8 where the final word means high hand and is originally spelled with the Hebrew letter ''heh'' at the end, but here spelled with an ''aleph'' to indicate Mosheh Isserles. Rema’s halakhic positions are best known from his annotations to [[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/44|''Shulḥan ʻArukh'']] [The Set Table] – the code of Jewish law penned by Rema’s contemporary, Rabbi '''Joseph Karo''' (1488-1575).<br />
<br />
Rema was born in Kazimierz just outside Kraków and journeyed to Lublin to study with Rabbi '''Shalom Shakhna''' (d. 1558). At that time, a debate took place among scholars in Lublin concerning the codification of Jewish law. The issue at hand was whether it was an appropriate and worthy enterprise to write a book of rulings that summarizes the halakhic discourse and establishes clear rules of conduct. The debate in Lublin was occurring at the same time as Rabbi Karo was busy with his codificatory projects, but the two deliberations were independent of each other. Indeed, the first volume of Rabbi Karo’s halakhic work, ''Beit Yosef'' [The House of Joseph], was published in Venice in 1550, while the debate in Lublin preceded that date, before Rema returned to Kraków sometime before 1547.<br />
<br />
The efforts to write comprehensive and summative halakhic works were related to the invention of the printing press, which triggered codificatory processes in many jurisdictions. Thus, in 1506 a collection of Latin sources of Polish law was published in Kraków. The work included the laws of the Sejm, royal edicts, international agreements, and customs [[1.6.3-Rema-1|'''(fig.1)''']]. In 1519, King Sigismund I the Old (1467-1548) approved the codification of Armenian law in Latin for the Armenians residing in his kingdom. Nearby territories responded with their own codifications, such as that of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566, 1588), and the province of Mazovia (1532, 1540). These cultural and intellectual trends within the Kingdom of Poland did not bypass the Jewish world.<br />
<br />
Despite his students’ entreaties, Rabbi Shalom Shakhna refused to write a code of law, or any legal treatise. He feared that such a book might limit the freedom of future jurists to rule as they saw fit, since they might feel bound by the written word. His own approach, as his son communicated it, was to encourage “each person to make time-sensitive rulings (''hora’at sha‘ah'') according to his own heart.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Teshuvot mei-ha-rema'' (Kraków 1640), §25, fol. 59 col. 4 – fol. 65 col. 4.</ref><br />
<br />
One of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna’s disciples, Rabbi '''Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg''' (ca. 1525-1588), followed his teacher’s approach and staunchly opposed any type of codification of Jewish law. He specifically attacked one of Rema’s codificatory works, as well as Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''. Rabbi Ḥayim’s younger brother – Rabbi '''Yehudah Löw''', the famed [[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/414|'''Maharal''' '''of Prague''']] (d. 1609) – also opposed codification of Jewish law. Rabbi Ḥayim’s resistance was articulated in the introduction to his book, which was printed many years after his death under the provocative title ''Vikuaḥ Mayim Ḥayim'' [The Flowing Waters Polemic], Amsterdam 1712.<br />
<br />
Another student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna, Rabbi [[https://encyclopedia.yivo.org/article/1183|'''Shelomoh Luria''']], the '''Maharshal''' (1510-1573), suggested combining theoretical study with halakhic ruling, striking a balance between adherence to the argumentative discourse in talmudic pericopes and the need to reach a halakhic verdict from the inter-generational discussions and debates. This method was presented in his book ''Yam shel Shelomoh'' [The Sea of Solomon], which was written on some – though not all – tractates of Talmud.<br />
<br />
Rema was the one student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna who sought to contribute to the codification of Jewish law, by providing crisp rules that could be understood by all.<br />
<br />
A royal document from 1547 affirms Rema’s status as ''seniori Doctorum Judaorum'' – the rabbinic elder with exclusive authority to approve marital engagements and to perform weddings for the Jews of Kraków and its environs, as well as to appoint agents to perform these functions. This may well have been the first encounter between the Jews of Kraków and the surrounding areas with Rema’s legal authority '''(fig. 2)'''.<br />
<br />
Upon his return to Kraków, Rema established a ''yeshiva'', the traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature. From this period, Halakhic responsa written by Rema to inquirers from afar have survived. In addition, Rema’s annotations to ''Sefer Ha-Mordekhai'' – a 13<sup>th</sup> century Ashkenazi halakhic treatise by Rabbi '''Mordechai ben Hillel''' (c. 1250–1298) – have also reached us.<br />
<br />
It is possible that Rema began at this time to write [[Ex-1.6.3-2|''Darkhei Mosheh'']] [The Ways of Moses], a significant compilation of halakhic opinions that was designed to complement Rabbi Karo’s ''Beit Yosef''. This treatise was only published more than a century after Rema’s death, and it is unclear whether it was his first halakhic work. In Rema’s own day the contents of this work was not known to those who did not have access to the autograph manuscript or copies of the work. Thus, Rema’s standing as a leading halakhic decisor and the story of Kraków’s transformation into a center of Torah learning and authority cannot be attributed to this work.<br />
<br />
Rema’s first published work was a commentary on the Book of Esther titled ''Meḥir Yayin'' [The Price of Wine] which was printed in 1559. A decade later Rema printed a philosophical work titled ''Torat Ha-ʻolah'' [The Treatise of the Burnt Offering]. Neither of these works dealt with Halakha. Rema’s philosophical writing was not limited to these two works: he also wrote [[Ex-1.6.3-1|commentaries on the Zohar]] that were not printed, as well as writings about astronomy that have survived in manuscript. These writings are not responsible for Rema’s acclaim as a notable halakhic authority.<br />
<br />
Rema’s first halakhic work to be printed was ''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' (or simply, ''Torat ha-Ḥaṭat'', or ''Torat Ḥaṭat'') [The Law of the Sin Offering, or slight variations of this title], which was published in Kraków in 1569. The book dealt with Jewish dietary laws (''kashrut'') and was based on the format of the 13<sup>th</sup> century work ''Shaʻarei Dura'' [The Gates of Dura], written by Rabbi '''Yitsḥaḳ ben Meir of Dura''' (Düren, Germany).<br />
<br />
Three hundred years had passed since ''Shaʻarei Dura'' was written and many facets of life had changed. According to Rema, ignorance of Jewish law was rife and there was a need to lay out the most basic rules of ''kashrut''. ''Shaʻarei Dura''’s popularity was undisputed. It had been widely disseminated since the advent of the printing press: over the course of 30 years prior to 1569, it had been published in four editions. In addition, this book had prompted a significant body of literature annotating, elucidating, and expanding the original text. Alas, the scope of this complementary literature made it difficult for readers to extract clear halakhic directives.<br />
<br />
Cognizant of the impact of printing on the book’s content, Rema wrote that printers had inserted commentaries and annotations into the body of the text, “and whoever sees them says that they were all spoken at [Mount] Sinai, and rules in accordance with them.” Rema’s solution was to rewrite the treatise, while retaining the original structure and offering clear halakhic rulings.<br />
<br />
As for the legal methodology underpinning his rulings, Rema declared that he had privileged custom and given precedence to the halakhic positions of recent Ashkenazi scholars. In this way, Rema indicated that his method diverged from that of two great decisors of his generation – Rabbi Karo and Maharshal.<br />
<br />
Rabbi Karo codificatory writings relied on principles that he himself had formulated. In particular, Rabbi Karo based his decisions on “the three pillars of instruction” – Rabbi '''Yiẓḥaḳ Alfasi''', the '''Rif''' (1013-1103), '''Moses Maimonides''', the '''Rambam''' (1138-1204), and Rabbi '''Asher ben Yeḥiel''', the '''Rosh''' (1250-1327). These medieval scholars came from different locations and lived in different periods, such that Rabbi Karo had created a virtual panel of judges who never actually sat together.<br />
<br />
Maharshal’s method was to examine legal topics from their roots in the Talmud, through the ebb and flow of the discourse over the ages. Maharshal avoided privileging the opinions of specific decisors, received traditions, or existing custom. His analytical method was rigorous, independent, and merits-based.<br />
<br />
It should be said that as opposed to Sephardi tradition, Ashkenazi tradition was not based on codificatory writing. For this reason, Rema presented his ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' enterprise as arising from the need to preserve Ashkenazi rulings and make them accessible. He depicted his efforts as a contribution to the content of halakhic discourse, and not as an intervention in its presentation as a codification of Jewish law. Despite this declaration of intent, when Rema chose a particular halakhic stance, he rejected the other halakhic positions even if they were part of Ashkenazi tradition. By presenting clear rulings in an organized manner and in accessible language with purported authority, Rema acted as a codifier of Halakha.<br />
<br />
Rema may have begun to compose ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' even before he learned of the existence of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' – Rabbi Karo’s second halakhic work that was printed in 1564-1565, only five years before ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' was published. Stylistically, both works were codificatory works that presented the reader with succinct directives, without in-depth discussions.<br />
<br />
In his introduction to ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'', Rema explained why there was a need for a ''kashrut'' treatise, even though ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' included ''kashrut'' laws. First, he argued that Rabbi Karo – a native of Spain who had been exiled to Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Egypt, eventually settling in Safed – had not given proper voice to Ashkenazi conventions. In response, Rema sought to add Ashkenazi voices to the halakhic conversation. Second, Rema wrote for Jews “in these lands.” The title page of ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' [[1.6.3-Rema-5|'''(fig. 5)''']] – penned by Rema, the printer, or both together – specified that “these lands” referred to Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bohemia, Moravia, and Germany and France. In this way, Rema sought to unify Halakha for all the communities that would come to be included under the rubric “Ashkenazim.” This aspect of his enterprise provoked the ire of his former peer at the yeshiva in Lublin, Rabbi Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg, who believed in local rabbinic authority and preservation of customs and practices within each community of those lands, rather than unifying the entire region.<br />
<br />
Another halakhic work by Rema was appended to the volume of ''Torat ha-ḥaṭat'': The laws of ''Niddah'' [a menstruating woman] from Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'', accompanied by Rema’s annotations. As Rema stated on the title page of the addendum, his annotations were intended to “make known what is the custom in these lands.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Zot Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' (Kraków [1569]), fol. 85r.</ref> [[1.6.3-Rema-6|'''(fig. 6)''']] This addendum is the first installation of Rema’s great halakhic enterprise: annotations on the entire ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''.<br />
<br />
In Rema’s eyes, ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' was indeed a marvelous work, although it was marred by substantial flaws. First, as mentioned above, it did not give adequate expression to halakhic opinions and customs of Ashkenazi Jewry. Second, Rabbi Karo’s decision-making rules, especially his reliance on a virtual panel of judges, contravened the halakhic tradition that avoided ruling according to rigid rules. Third, ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' presented Halakha as a legal system devoid of divergent opinions and steely debate. Rema sought to remedy these flaws by presenting contrary views held by Ashkenazi sages alongside the ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' text, “in order to awaken the minds of students in every place, that they should know that his words are subject to disagreement,” as well as to document the accepted custom in his own geographic region.<br />
<br />
Shortly after the appearance of ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' with Rema’s annotations to the laws of ''Niddah'', the first volume of the ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' ‒ the ''Oraḥ'' ''Ḥayim'' section (dealing with laws pertaining to the rituals of daily life) ‒ was printed in Kraków together with Rema’s annotations. Rema passed away less than two years after this volume was published, and he did not see the entire work in print. Some five years later, all four sections of ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh'' with Rema’s annotations were published in Kraków: ''Yoreh De’ah'' (1577-1578), ''Ḥoshen Mishpat'' (1579-1580), ''Even Ha‘ezer'' (1580), and again ''Oraḥ Ḥayim'' (1580).<br />
<br />
Rema’s introduction to the laws of ''Niddah'' was reprinted at the beginning of each of the four annotated volumes of ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh''. There he explained his intention in writing supplementary notes to Rabbi Karo’s code: “I came after him to spread a tablecloth (''mapah'') on the Set Table that he composed, and [laid] upon it every delightful fruit and delicacy beloved by people.” The popular designation of Rema’s annotations, ''Ha-Mapah'' [the tablecloth], was drawn from this statement. Rema’s intention was to upgrade Rabbi Karo’s project, but it should be noted that when a cloth is spread over a table that has already been set, the table no longer appears as it was before!<br />
<br />
What was it that endowed this native of Kraków with the status of one of the greatest halakhic decisors and preeminent legal authorities amongst Ashkenazi Jewry? How did Rema achieve this status in his own generation and retain it in subsequent ones, notwithstanding challenges from rivals like Maharshal and from opponents like Rabbi Ḥayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg and his younger brother Maharal of Prague?<br />
<br />
The claim that Rema gained prominence because of his goal of unifying the Halakha of “these land” into a single Ashkenazi custom does not tell the entire story, since the first work that made this claim – ''Torat Ha-ḥaṭat'' – is actually his lesser-known halakhic work. It seems that the positive reception of his rulings and his place within the canon should be attributed to the way in which his decisions were published. Rather than publishing stand-alone works, Rema chose to piggyback on Rabbi Karo’s ''Shulḥan'' ''ʻArukh''. He disseminated his opinions as annotations to a halakhic work from a different geographical region that had already been favorably received, providing an integrated text. Rema’s tablecloth transformed the appearance of Rabbi Karo’s set table, such that editions published during the 17<sup>th</sup> century included both ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' and the ''Mapah.''<br />
<br />
'''''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' and Rema’s annotations, 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries editions'''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Edition'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"|<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Place'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Year'''<br />
! style="text-align: center;"| '''Description'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1564-1565<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1566-1567<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 3<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1567<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Salonika (Thessaloniki)<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1567-1568<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols. ''Oraḥ Ḥayim'' (OH) and ''Yoreh De’ah'' (YD). ''Even Ha‘ezer'' (EH) and ''Ḥoshen Mishpat'' (HM) – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 5<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1569<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol. Laws of Niddah, appended to Rema’s ''Torat Ḥatat''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 6<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1570-1571<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1 vol. OH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 7<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1574<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (1)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 8<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1574<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 9<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1577-1578<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 10<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1577-1580<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 11<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1583-1586<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols. OH and YD, based on (10). EH and HM – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 12<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1593-1594<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (11)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 13<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1593-1594<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on Kraków editions (10, 11, 12), with additions from (8) Venice 1574<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 14<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Salonika<br />
<br />
(Thessaloniki)<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1595-1596<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 2 vols., OH and YD. EH and HM – no record of their publication<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 15<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh''<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1597-1598<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format and large format, with additions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 16<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1606-1607<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 17<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Kraków<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1616-1620<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 18<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Hanau<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1627-1628<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., small format, based on (16)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 19<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotation<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Venice<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1632<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (13)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 20<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| ''Shulhan ‘Arukh'' with Rema’s annotations<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| Amsterdam<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 1641-1642<br />
| style="text-align: left;"| 4 vols., based on (18)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
At the end of the first edition of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'', ''Yoreh Deʻah'', the proofreader Rabbi '''Abraham Menaḥem Porto''' (c. 1520 – 1594) wrote that publishing was like giving a manuscript “wings with which to fly throughout the world, in such a manner that wherever the word of the king reaches there is joy and happiness for the Jews.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>Menaḥem Porto Ha-Cohen Ashkenazi, [untitled], in: ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' (Venice 1565), [fol. 132r], paraphrasing Esther 8:17.</ref> These were the wings that brought the Sephardi ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' to Ashkenazi Kraków. The integration of Rema’s annotations transformed the code into a combined work. When this combined work was published, it was able to spread its wings from east to west.<br />
<br />
Rema’s achievement was somewhat paradoxical. On one hand, he deconstructed the uniform code written by Rabbi Karo and created a form of halakhic dialogue on each page of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''. On the other hand, by refashioning the work as a composite treatise of Jewish law he contributed to the acceptance of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh''.<br />
<br />
The result was that it became difficult – both practically and intellectually – to read Rabbi Karo’s codification without hearing the intervention of Rema’s voice. Each page offers more than one halakhic tradition and the work in its entirety represents two different cultures. Those who study the work hear two voices that are constantly in dialogue. In this manner, Rema’s status in the annals of Halakha was sealed.<br />
<br />
It is no wonder that the Maharshal – Rema’s contemporary and kinsman, but also his halakhic adversary<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>See, for example, Maharshal’s harsh critique of Rema’s reliance on Aristotle, printed in ''Teshuvot me-ha-Rema'', §6, fol. 9, col. 4, and fol. 10, col. 4 – fol. 11, col. 1.</ref> – wrote to him: “About you it is fitting to say: From Moses to Moses, there was no one like Moses.”<ref><span dir="rtl"></span>''Teshuvot me-ha-Rema'', §67, fol. 132, col. 2.</ref> Today, on Rema’s tombstone in Kraków similar praises are inscribed: “He taught Torah in Israel, raised myriads disciples who were champions of Israel, from Moses to Moses, there was no one like Moses in Israel.” [[1.6.3-Rema-8|'''(figs. 8,''']] [[1.6.3-Rema-9|'''9)''']].<br />
<br />
Thus, from his home in Kraków, during his relatively short lifetime, Rema left an indelible mark on the world of Halakha; a stamp that persists to this day. To the extent that Ashkenazi Jewry “go out by the hand of Rema,” it is fair to say that Jews who seek to learn and to teach, to observe and to perform the commandments “go out” holding on to the precious tomes of ''Shulḥan ʻArukh'' with Rema’s annotations.<br />
<br />
'''Select Bibliography'''<br />
<br />
Ben-Menaḥem, Naftali. “Ha-defusim ha-rishonim shel ha-Shulḥan ʻArukh”. In: ''Rabbi Yosef Karo:'' ''ʻIyunim u-meḥḳarim be-mishnat maran baʻal ha-Shulḥan ʻArukh'', ed. Yiẓḥaḳ Refa’el, Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1969, 101-120<br />
<br />
Cooper, Levi. “Tabling Codification of Jewish Law: Perspectives on Sixteenth-Century Ventures,” ''Jewish History'' 37 (2024): 323-356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5<br />
<br />
Davis, Joseph. “The Reception of the Shulḥan ʻArukh and the Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity,” ''AJS Review'' 26 (2002), 251-276<br />
<br />
Elon, Menachem. ''Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles''. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1994, vol. 3, 1309-1366<br />
<br />
Fram, Edward. ''The Codification of Jewish Law on the Cusp of Modernity''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022<br />
<br />
Haberman, Jacob. “Hitḳablut ha-shulḥan ʻarukh ke-sefer musmakh ba-masoret ha-yehudit,” ''Mahut'' 10 (Spring <span dir="rtl">1993</span>), 35-42<br />
<br />
Reiner, Elḥanan. “Yashan mi-pnei ḥadash: ʻal temurot be-tekhanei limmud be-yeshivot polin ba-mei’ah ha-16 ve-yeshivato shel Rema be-Kraków”. In: ''Zekhor davar le-ʻavdekha: Essays and Studies in Memory of Dov Rappel'', ed. Shmuel Glick, Jerusalem: Lifshitz College of Education, 2007<br />
<br />
Reiner, Elhanan. “The Ashkenazi Elite at the Beginning of the Modern Era: Manuscript versus Printed Book,” ''Polin'' 10 (1996), 85-98<br />
<br />
Rosenthal, Ḥayim Shlomo. “Mavo”, In: ''Darkhei Mosheh ha-shalem [ha-’arokh] … ḥoshen mishpaṭ'', Jerusalem: Machon Yerushalayim, 1979-1983, vol. 1, 19-34<br />
<br />
Schatz, Andrea and Pavel Sládek. “The Editor’s Place: Samuel Boehm and the Transfer of Italian Print Culture to Cracow,” ''Jewish Quarterly Review'' 112 (2022), 468-519<br />
<br />
Siev, Ascher. “The Glosses of the Ramo on the Mordecai”. In: ''Hagut Ivrit Be’Ameriḳa'', ed. Menahem Zohori, Arie Tartakover, and Haim Ormian, vol. 1, Tel Aviv: Brit-Ivrit Olamit, 1972, 426-439 [in Hebrew]<br />
<br />
Siev, Asher. ''Rabbi Moses Isserles (Ramo)'', New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1972<br />
<br />
Siev, Asher. ''She[’elot] u-te[shuvot] ha-Rema''. Jerusalem: Hemed, 1970, Introduction<br />
<br />
Twersky, Isadore. “The Shulḥan ʻArukh: Enduring Code of Jewish Law,” ''Judaism: A Quarterly Journal'' 16, no. 2 (Spring 1967): 141-158<br />
<br />
<references /></div>
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<br />
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<br />
<div class=WordSection1><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;<br />
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><a name="_Hlk207276208"></a><b><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;color:#2E74B5;mso-themecolor:accent1;mso-themeshade:191;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of<br />
Jewish Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;<br />
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Levi Cooper<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;<br />
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;color:#EE0000;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Rabbi Mosheh<br />
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Isserles (d. 1572) is the doyen<br />
of Jewish law for Ashkenazi Jewry. A native of Krak w, he is widely known by<br />
the acronym Rema which gave rise to the motto: <i>U-venei yisrael yotse im<br />
be-yad</i> <i>Rema</i> and the children of Israel go out by the hand of<br />
Rema, a pun on the biblical verse in Exod. 14:8 where the final word means high<br />
hand and is originally spelled with the Hebrew letter <i>heh</i> at the end,<br />
but here spelled with an <i>aleph</i> to indicate Mosheh Isserles. Rema s<br />
halakhic positions are best known from his annotations to <i>Shul&#7717;an<br />
&#699;Arukh</i> [The Set Table] the code of Jewish law penned by Rema s<br />
contemporary, Rabbi <a name="_Hlk208138135"><b>Joseph </b></a><b>Karo</b><br />
(1488-1575). </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
JI'>Rema was born in Kazimierz just outside Krak w and journeyed to Lublin to<br />
study with Rabbi <b>Shalom Shakhna</b> (d. 1558). At that time, a debate took<br />
place among scholars in Lublin concerning the codification of Jewish law. The<br />
issue at hand was whether it was an appropriate and worthy enterprise to write<br />
a book of rulings that summarizes the halakhic discourse and establishes clear<br />
rules of conduct. The debate in Lublin was occurring at the same time as Rabbi<br />
Karo was busy with his codificatory projects, but the two deliberations were<br />
independent of each other. Indeed, the </span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>first volume of Rabbi Karo s halakhic work, <i>Beit Yosef</i> [The House<br />
of Joseph], was published in Venice in 1550, while the debate in Lublin<br />
preceded that date, before Rema returned to Krak w sometime before 1547. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The efforts<br />
to write comprehensive and summative halakhic works were related to the<br />
invention of the printing press, which triggered codificatory processes in many<br />
jurisdictions. Thus, in 1506 a collection of Latin sources of Polish law was<br />
published in Krak w. The work included the laws of the Sejm, royal edicts,<br />
international agreements, and customs. In 1519, King Sigismund I the Old (1467-1548)<br />
approved the codification of Armenian law in Latin for the Armenians residing<br />
in his kingdom. Nearby territories responded with their own codifications, such<br />
as that of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566, 1588), and the province of<br />
Mazovia (1532, 1540). These cultural and intellectual trends within the Kingdom<br />
of Poland did not bypass the Jewish world. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Despite his<br />
students entreaties, Rabbi Shalom Shakhna refused to write a code of law, or<br />
any legal treatise. He feared that such a book might limit the freedom of<br />
future jurists to rule as they saw fit, since they might feel bound by the<br />
written word. His own approach, as his son communicated it, was to encourage<br />
each person to make time-sensitive rulings (<i>hora at <span class=GramE>sha </span>ah</i>)<br />
according to his own heart. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftn1"<br />
name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>One of Rabbi<br />
Shalom Shakhna s disciples, Rabbi <b>&#7716;ayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg</b><br />
(ca. 1525-1588), followed his teacher s approach and staunchly opposed any type<br />
of codification of Jewish law. He specifically attacked one of Rema s<br />
codificatory works, as well as Rabbi Karo s </span><i><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</span></i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. Rabbi &#7716;ayim s younger brother Rabbi <b>Yehudah<br />
L w</b>, the famed <b>Maharal</b> <b>of Prague</b> (d. 1609) also opposed<br />
codification of Jewish law. Rabbi &#7716;ayim s resistance was articulated in<br />
the introduction to his book, which was printed many years after his death<br />
under the provocative title <i>Vikua&#7717; Mayim &#7716;ayim</i> [The Flowing<br />
Waters Polemic], Amsterdam 1712. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Another<br />
student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna, Rabbi <b>Shelomoh Luria</b>, the <b>Maharshal</b><br />
(1510-1573), suggested combining theoretical study with halakhic ruling,<br />
striking a balance between adherence to the argumentative discourse in talmudic<br />
pericopes and the need to reach a halakhic verdict from the inter-generational<br />
discussions and debates. This method was presented in his book <i>Yam shel Shelomoh</i><br />
[The Sea of Solomon], which was written on some though not all tractates of<br />
Talmud. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema was the<br />
one student of Rabbi Shalom Shakhna who sought to contribute to the<br />
codification of Jewish law, by providing crisp rules that could be understood<br />
by all. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A royal<br />
document from 1547 affirms Rema s status as <i>seniori Doctorum Judaorum</i> <br />
the rabbinic elder with exclusive authority to approve marital engagements and<br />
to perform weddings for the Jews of Krak w and its environs, as well as to<br />
appoint agents to perform these functions. This may well have been the first<br />
encounter between the Jews of Krak w and the surrounding areas with Rema s<br />
legal authority. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-indent:<br />
36.0pt;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Upon his return to Krak w, Rema established a <i>yeshiva</i>, the<br />
traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic<br />
literature. From this period, Halakhic responsa written by Rema to inquirers<br />
from afar have survived. In addition, Rema s annotations to <i>Sefer<br />
Ha-Mordekhai</i> a 13<sup>th</sup> century Ashkenazi halakhic treatise by<br />
Rabbi <b>Mordechai ben Hillel</b> (c. 1250 1298) have also reached us. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It is<br />
possible that Rema began at this time to write <i>Darkhei Mosheh</i> [The Ways<br />
of Moses], a significant compilation of halakhic opinions that was designed to<br />
complement Rabbi Karo s <i>Beit Yosef</i>. This treatise was only published<br />
more than a century after Rema s death, and it is unclear whether it was his<br />
first halakhic work. In Rema s own day the contents of this work <span<br />
class=GramE>was</span> not known to those who did not have access to the<br />
autograph manuscript or copies of the work. Thus, Rema s standing as a leading<br />
halakhic decisor and the story of Krak w s transformation into a center of<br />
Torah learning and authority cannot be attributed to this work. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s first<br />
published work was a commentary on the Book of Esther titled <i>Me</i></span><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>ir Yayin</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> [The Price<br />
of Wine] which was printed in 1559. A decade later Rema printed a philosophical<br />
work titled <i>Torat Ha-&#699;olah</i> [The Treatise of the Burnt Offering].<br />
Neither of these works dealt with Halakha. Rema s philosophical writing was not<br />
limited to these two works: he also wrote commentaries on the Zohar that were<br />
not printed, as well as writings about astronomy that have survived in<br />
manuscript. These writings are not responsible for Rema s acclaim as a notable<br />
halakhic authority. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;<br />
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s first halakhic work to be printed<br />
was <i>Zot Torat Ha-<span class=GramE>&#7717;a&#7789;at<span style='font-style:<br />
normal'> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>(</span></span></i>or simply, <i>Torat<br />
ha-&#7716;a&#7789;at</i>, or <span class=GramE><i>Torat <span<br />
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>&#7716;a&#7789;at</i></span>) [The Law of the<br />
Sin Offering, or slight variations of this title], which was published in<br />
Krak w in 1569. The book dealt with Jewish dietary laws (<i>kashrut</i>) and<br />
was based on the format of the 13<sup>th</sup> century work <i>Sha&#699;arei<br />
Dura </i>[The Gates of Dura], written by Rabbi <b>Yits&#7717;a&#7731; ben Meir<br />
of Dura</b> (D ren, Germany). <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Three<br />
hundred years had passed since <i>Sha&#699;arei Dura</i> was written and many<br />
facets of life had changed. According to Rema, ignorance of Jewish law was rife<br />
and there was a need to lay out the most basic rules of <i>kashrut</i>. <i>Sha&#699;arei<br />
Dura</i> s popularity was undisputed. It had been widely disseminated since the<br />
advent of the printing press: over the course of 30 years prior to 1569, it had<br />
been published in four editions. In addition, this book had prompted a<br />
significant body of literature annotating, elucidating, and expanding the<br />
original text. Alas, the scope of this complementary literature made it<br />
difficult for readers to extract clear halakhic directives. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Cognizant of<br />
the impact of printing on the book s content, Rema wrote that printers had<br />
inserted commentaries and annotations into the body of the text, and whoever<br />
sees them says that they were all spoken at [Mount] Sinai, and rules in<br />
accordance with them. Rema s solution was to rewrite the treatise, while<br />
retaining the original structure and offering clear halakhic rulings. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>As for the<br />
legal methodology underpinning his rulings, Rema declared that he had privileged<br />
custom and given precedence to the halakhic positions of recent Ashkenazi<br />
scholars. In this way, Rema indicated that his method diverged from that of two<br />
great decisors of his generation Rabbi Karo and Maharshal. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rabbi Karo<br />
codificatory writings relied on principles that he himself had formulated. In<br />
particular, Rabbi Karo based his decisions on the three pillars of<br />
instruction Rabbi<b> Yi&#7827;&#7717;a&#7731; Alfasi</b>, the<b> Rif</b> (1013-1103),<br />
<b>Moses Maimonides</b>, the<b> Rambam</b> (1138-1204), and Rabbi <b>Asher ben<br />
Ye&#7717;iel</b>, the <b>Rosh</b> (1250-1327). These medieval scholars came<br />
from different locations and lived in different periods, such that Rabbi Karo<br />
had created a virtual panel of judges who never actually sat together. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Maharshal s<br />
method was to examine legal topics from their roots in the Talmud, through the<br />
ebb and flow of the discourse over the ages. Maharshal avoided privileging the<br />
opinions of specific decisors, received traditions, or existing custom. His<br />
analytical method was rigorous, independent, and merits-based.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It should be<br />
said that as opposed to Sephardi tradition, Ashkenazi tradition was not based<br />
on codificatory writing. For this reason, Rema presented his <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i><br />
enterprise as arising from the need to preserve Ashkenazi rulings and make them<br />
accessible. He depicted his efforts as a contribution to the content of<br />
halakhic discourse, and not as an intervention in its presentation as a<br />
codification of Jewish law. Despite this declaration of intent, when Rema chose<br />
a particular halakhic stance, he rejected the other halakhic positions even if<br />
they were part of Ashkenazi tradition. By presenting clear rulings in an<br />
organized manner and in accessible language with purported authority, Rema<br />
acted as a codifier of Halakha. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema may<br />
have begun to compose <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> even before he learned<br />
of the existence of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> Rabbi Karo s second<br />
halakhic work that was printed in 1564-1565, only five years before <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i><br />
was published. Stylistically, both works were codificatory works that presented<br />
the reader with succinct directives, without in-depth discussions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
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<w:wrap anchorx="margin"/><br />
</v:line><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In his introduction to <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>,<br />
Rema explained why there was a need for a <i>kashrut</i> treatise, even though <i>Shul&#7717;an<br />
&#699;Arukh </i>included <i>kashrut</i> laws. First, he argued that Rabbi Karo<br />
a native of Spain who had been exiled to Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and<br />
Egypt, eventually settling in Safed had not given proper voice to Ashkenazi<br />
conventions. In response, Rema sought to add Ashkenazi voices to the halakhic conversation.<br />
Second, Rema wrote for Jews in these lands. The title page of <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i><br />
penned by Rema, the printer, or both together specified that these lands <br />
referred to Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bohemia, Moravia, and Germany and<br />
France. In this way, Rema sought to unify Halakha for all the communities that<br />
would come to be included under the rubric Ashkenazim. This aspect of his<br />
enterprise provoked the ire of his former peer at the yeshiva in Lublin, Rabbi &#7716;ayim<br />
ben Betsalel of Friedberg, who believed in local rabbinic authority and<br />
preservation of customs and practices within each community of those lands,<br />
rather than unifying the entire region.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Another<br />
halakhic work by Rema was appended to the volume of <i>Torat ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i>:<br />
The laws of <i>Niddah</i> [a menstruating woman] from Rabbi Karo s <i>Shul&#7717;an<br />
&#699;Arukh</i>, accompanied by Rema s annotations. As Rema stated on the title<br />
page of the addendum, his annotations were intended to make known what is the<br />
custom in these lands. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftn2"<br />
name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> This<br />
addendum is the first installation of Rema s great halakhic enterprise:<br />
annotations on the entire <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In Rema s<br />
eyes, <i>Shul&#7717;an</i> <i>&#699;Arukh</i> was indeed a marvelous work,<br />
although it was marred by substantial flaws. First, as mentioned above, it did<br />
not give adequate expression to halakhic opinions and customs of Ashkenazi Jewry.<br />
Second, Rabbi Karo s decision-making rules, especially his reliance on a<br />
virtual panel of judges, contravened the halakhic tradition that avoided ruling<br />
according to rigid rules. Third, <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> presented<br />
Halakha as a legal system devoid of divergent opinions and steely debate. Rema<br />
sought to remedy these flaws by presenting contrary views held by Ashkenazi<br />
sages alongside the <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> text, in order to awaken<br />
the minds of students in every place, that they should know that his words are<br />
subject to disagreement, as well as to document the accepted custom in his own<br />
geographic region. </span><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Shortly<br />
after the appearance of <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> with Rema s<br />
annotations to the laws of <i>Niddah</i>, the first volume of the <i>Shul&#7717;an</i><br />
<i>&#699;Arukh</i> &#8210; the <a name="_Hlk165277823"><i>Ora&#7717;</i> <i>&#7716;ayim</i></a><br />
section (dealing with laws pertaining to the rituals of daily life) &#8210; was<br />
printed in Krak w together with Rema s annotations. Rema passed away less than<br />
two years after this volume was published, and he did not see the entire work<br />
in print. Some five years later, all four sections of <i>Shul&#7717;an</i> <i>&#699;Arukh</i><br />
with Rema s annotations were published in Krak w: </span><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Yoreh De ah</span></i><span<br />
lang=EN-AU style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'> (1577-1578),<br />
<i>&#7716;oshen Mishpat</i> (1579-1580), <i>Even <span class=GramE>Ha </span>ezer</i><br />
(1580), and again <i>Ora&#7717; &#7716;ayim</i> (1580)</span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;line-height:150%;direction:ltr;<br />
unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s introduction to the laws of <i>Niddah</i><br />
was reprinted at the beginning of each of the four annotated volumes of <i>Shul&#7717;an</i><br />
<i>&#699;Arukh</i>. There he explained his intention in writing supplementary<br />
notes to Rabbi Karo s code: I came after him to spread a tablecloth (<i>mapah</i>)<br />
on the Set Table that he composed, and [laid] upon it every delightful fruit<br />
and delicacy beloved by people. The popular designation of Rema s annotations,<br />
<i>Ha-Mapah</i> [the tablecloth], was drawn from this statement. Rema s<br />
intention was to upgrade Rabbi Karo s project, but it should be noted that when<br />
a cloth is spread over a table that has already been set, the table no longer<br />
appears as it was before!<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>What was it<br />
that endowed this native of Krak w with the status of one of the greatest<br />
halakhic decisors and preeminent legal authorities amongst Ashkenazi Jewry? How<br />
did Rema achieve this status in his own generation and retain it in subsequent<br />
ones, notwithstanding challenges from rivals like Maharshal and from opponents<br />
like Rabbi &#7716;ayim ben Betsalel of Friedberg and his younger brother<br />
Maharal of Prague? <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The claim<br />
that Rema gained prominence because of his goal of unifying the Halakha of<br />
these land into a single Ashkenazi custom does not tell the entire story,<br />
since the first work that made this claim <i>Torat Ha-&#7717;a&#7789;at</i> <br />
is actually his lesser-known halakhic work. It seems that the positive<br />
reception of his rulings and his place within the canon should be attributed to<br />
the way in which his decisions were published. Rather than publishing<br />
stand-alone works, Rema chose to piggyback on Rabbi Karo s <i>Shul&#7717;an</i><br />
<i>&#699;Arukh</i>. He disseminated his opinions as annotations to a halakhic<br />
work from a different geographical region that had already been favorably<br />
received, providing an integrated text. Rema s tablecloth transformed the<br />
appearance of Rabbi Karo s set table, such that editions published during the<br />
17<sup>th</sup> century included both <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh </i>and the <i>Mapah.</i><br />
<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;<br />
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh </span></i></b><b><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and Rema s<br />
annotations, 16<sup>th</sup> and 17<sup>th</sup> centuries editions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<br />
<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0<br />
style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:<br />
center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Edition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:<br />
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:<br />
center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:<br />
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:<br />
center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Place<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:<br />
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:<br />
center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Year<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:<br />
solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center dir=RTL style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:<br />
center;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-AU dir=LTR style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Description</span></b><b><span<br />
lang=HE style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1564-1565<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1566-1567<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>3<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1567<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1<br />
vol.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Salonika<br />
(Thessaloniki)<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1567-1568<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2<br />
vols. <i>Ora&#7717; &#7716;ayim</i> (OH) and <i>Yoreh De ah</i> (YD). <i>Even<br />
<span class=GramE>Ha </span>ezer</i> (EH) and <i>&#7716;oshen Mishpat</i> (HM)<br />
no record of their publication</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:<br />
11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>5<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1569<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1<br />
vol. Laws of Niddah, appended to Rema s <i>Torat &#7716;atat</i><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>6<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1570-1571<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1<br />
vol. OH<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>7<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1574<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., based on (1) <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>8<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1574<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., small format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>9<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1577-1578<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., small format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>10<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1577-1580<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>11<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1583-1586<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2<br />
vols. OH and YD, based on (10). EH and HM no record of their publication <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>12<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1593-1594<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., based on (11) <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>13<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1593-1594<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., based on Krak w editions (10, 11, 12), with additions from (8) Venice<br />
1574<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>14<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Salonika<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>(Thessaloniki)<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1595-1596<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>2<br />
vols., OH and YD. EH and HM no record of their publication <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>15<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1597-1598<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., small format and large format, with additions<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>16<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1606-1607<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>17<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Krak w<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1616-1620<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>18<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Hanau<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1627-1628<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., small format, based on (16) <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>19<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotation<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Venice<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1632<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., based on (13) <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'><br />
<td width=66 valign=top style='width:49.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>20<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=150 valign=top style='width:112.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><i><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Shulhan<br />
Arukh</span></i><span lang=EN-AU style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'> with Rema s annotations<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=87 valign=top style='width:65.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;<br />
border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>Amsterdam<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=117 valign=top style='width:87.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>1641-1642<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
<td width=243 valign=top style='width:182.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:left;<br />
line-height:normal;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-AU<br />
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'>4<br />
vols., based on (18) </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;<br />
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:<br />
embed'><span lang=EN-AU style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>At the end<br />
of the first edition of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>, <i>Yoreh De&#699;ah</i>,<br />
the proofreader Rabbi <b>Abraham Mena&#7717;em Porto </b>(c. 1520 1594) wrote<br />
that publishing was like giving a manuscript wings with which to fly<br />
throughout the world, in such a manner that wherever the word of the king<br />
reaches there is joy and happiness for the Jews. <a style='mso-footnote-id:<br />
ftn3' href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a> These<br />
were the wings that brought the Sephardi <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> to<br />
Ashkenazi Krak w. The integration of Rema s annotations transformed the code<br />
into a combined work. When this combined work was published, it was able to<br />
spread its wings from east to west. </span><span lang=HE dir=RTL<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Rema s<br />
achievement was somewhat paradoxical. On one hand, he deconstructed the uniform<br />
code written by Rabbi Karo and created a form of halakhic dialogue on each page<br />
of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>. On the other hand, by refashioning the<br />
work as a composite treatise of Jewish law he contributed to the acceptance of <i>Shul&#7717;an<br />
&#699;Arukh</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The result<br />
was that it became difficult both practically and intellectually to read<br />
Rabbi Karo s codification without hearing the intervention of Rema s voice.<br />
Each page offers more than one halakhic tradition and the work in its entirety<br />
represents two different cultures. Those who study the work hear two voices<br />
that are constantly in dialogue. In this manner, Rema s status in the annals of<br />
Halakha was sealed. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It is no<br />
wonder that the Maharshal Rema s contemporary and kinsman, but also his<br />
halakhic adversary<a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"<br />
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:<br />
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><br />
wrote to him: About you it is fitting to say: From Moses to Moses, there was<br />
no one like Moses. <a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"<br />
title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span style='mso-special-character:<br />
footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></a><br />
Today, on Rema s tombstone in Krak w similar praises are inscribed: He taught<br />
Torah in Israel, raised myriads disciples who were champions of Israel, from Moses<br />
to Moses, there was no one like Moses in Israel. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;line-height:<br />
150%;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Thus, from<br />
his home in Krak w, during his relatively short lifetime, Rema left an<br />
indelible mark on the world of Halakha; a stamp that persists to this day. To<br />
the extent that Ashkenazi Jewry go out </span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>by the hand of Rema</span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>, it is fair to say that Jews who seek to learn and to teach, to<br />
observe and to perform the commandments go out holding on to the precious<br />
tomes of <i>Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i> with Rema s annotations. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%;<br />
page-break-after:avoid;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><b><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;color:#4472C4;mso-themecolor:accent5;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Select<br />
Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Ben-Mena&#7717;em,<br />
Naftali. Ha-defusim ha-rishonim shel ha-Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh . In: <i>Rabbi<br />
Yosef Karo:</i> <i>&#699;Iyunim u-me&#7717;&#7731;arim be-mishnat maran<br />
ba&#699;al ha-Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh</i>, ed.</span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'> Yi&#7827;&#7717;a&#7731;</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
JI'> Refa el, Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1969, 101-120 </span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Cooper, Levi. Tabling Codification of Jewish Law: Perspectives on<br />
Sixteenth-Century Ventures, <i>Jewish History</i> 37 (2024): 323-356, </span><span<br />
lang=EN-AU><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5"><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5</span></a></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Davis, Joseph. The Reception of the Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh and the<br />
Formation of Ashkenazic Jewish Identity, <i>AJS Review</i> 26 (2002), 251-276<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'>Elon, Menach</span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>em. <i>Jewish Law: History, Sources, Principles</i>. Philadelphia:<br />
The Jewish Publication Society, 1994, vol. 3, 1309-1366</span><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:JI'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Fram, Edward. <i>The Codification of Jewish Law on the Cusp of Modernity</i>.<br />
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Haberman, Jacob. Hit&#7731;ablut ha-shul&#7717;an &#699;arukh ke-sefer<br />
musmakh ba-masoret ha-yehudit, <i>Mahut</i> 10 (Spring </span><span dir=RTL></span><span<br />
lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span dir=RTL></span>1993</span><span dir=LTR></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><span dir=LTR></span>), 35-42<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Reiner, El&#7717;anan. Yashan mi-pnei &#7717;adash: &#699;al temurot<br />
be-tekhanei limmud be-yeshivot polin ba-mei ah ha-16 ve-yeshivato shel Rema<br />
be-Krak w . In: <i>Zekhor davar le-&#699;avdekha: Essays and Studies in Memory<br />
of Dov Rappel</i>, ed. Shmuel Glick, Jerusalem: Lifshitz College of Education,<br />
2007 <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Reiner, Elhanan. The Ashkenazi Elite at the Beginning of the Modern<br />
Era: Manuscript versus Printed Book, <i>Polin</i> 10 (1996), 85-98<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Rosenthal, &#7716;ayim Shlomo. Mavo , In: <i>Darkhei Mosheh ha-shalem<br />
[ha- arokh] &#7717;oshen mishpa&#7789;</i>, Jerusalem: Machon Yerushalayim,<br />
1979-1983, vol. 1, 19-34<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Schatz, Andrea and Pavel Sl dek. The Editor s Place: Samuel Boehm and<br />
the Transfer of Italian Print Culture to Cracow, <i>Jewish Quarterly Review</i><br />
112 (2022), 468-519<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Siev, Ascher. The Glosses of the Ramo on the Mordecai . In: <i>Hagut<br />
Ivrit Be Ameri&#7731;a</i>, ed. Menahem Zohori, Arie Tartakover, and Haim<br />
Ormian, vol. 1, Tel Aviv: Brit-Ivrit Olamit, 1972, 426-439 [in Hebrew]<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Siev, Asher. <i>Rabbi Moses Isserles (Ramo)</i>, New York: Yeshiva<br />
University Press, 1972<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Siev, Asher. <i>She[ elot] u-te[shuvot] ha-Rema</i>. Jerusalem: Hemed,<br />
1970, Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:150%;<br />
tab-stops:right 6.0cm;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:embed'><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:<br />
EN-US'>Twersky, Isadore. The Shul&#7717;an &#699;Arukh: Enduring Code of<br />
Jewish Law, <i>Judaism: A Quarterly Journal</i> 16, no. 2 (Spring 1967):<br />
141-158<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style='mso-element:footnote-list'><![if !supportFootnotes]><br clear=all><br />
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<hr align=left size=1 width="33%"><br />
<br />
<![endif]><br />
<br />
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn1><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoFootnoteText align=left style='text-align:left;direction:ltr;<br />
unicode-bidi:embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn1' href="#_ftnref1"<br />
name="_ftn1" title=""><span class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi'><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;<br />
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br />
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HE'>[1]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span<br />
dir=RTL></span><span lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;<br />
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-hansi-theme-font:major-bidi;mso-bidi-theme-font:<br />
major-bidi'><span dir=RTL></span> </span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:<br />
"David",sans-serif'>Teshuvot mei-ha-rema</span></i><span lang=EN-US<br />
style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Krak w 1640), 25, fol. 59 col. 4 <br />
fol. 65 col. 4. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
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</div><br />
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<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn2><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:<br />
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn2' href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
HE'>[2]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span><br />
</span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Zot Torat Ha-</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>a</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7789;</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>at</span></i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Krak w [1569]), fol. 85r. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
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<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn3><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:<br />
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn3' href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
HE'>[3]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span><br />
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Mena</span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>em Porto Ha-Cohen Ashkenazi,<br />
[untitled], in: <i>Shul</i></span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>&#7717;</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>an </span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>&#699;</span></i><i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Arukh</span></i><span<br />
lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'> (Venice 1565), [fol. 132r],<br />
paraphrasing Esther 8:17.</span><span lang=HE dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
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<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn4><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:<br />
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn4' href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
HE'>[4]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span><br />
</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>See, for<br />
example, Maharshal s harsh critique of Rema s reliance on Aristotle, printed in<br />
<i>Teshuvot me-ha-Rema</i>, 6, fol. 9, col. 4, and fol. 10, col. 4 fol. 11,<br />
col. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div style='mso-element:footnote' id=ftn5><br />
<br />
<p class=MsoFootnoteText style='text-align:justify;direction:ltr;unicode-bidi:<br />
embed'><a style='mso-footnote-id:ftn5' href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span<br />
style='mso-special-character:footnote'><![if !supportFootnotes]><span<br />
class=MsoFootnoteReference><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:<br />
107%;font-family:"David",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br />
minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:<br />
HE'>[5]</span></span><![endif]></span></span></span></a><span dir=RTL></span><span<br />
lang=EN-US dir=RTL style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'><span dir=RTL></span><br />
</span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>Teshuvot<br />
me-ha-Rema</span></i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"David",sans-serif'>,<br />
67, fol. 132, col. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
</body><br />
<br />
</html></div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Category:Articles&diff=571
Category:Articles
2026-05-26T17:00:10Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Has type::Page]]<br />
[[Category:Entities]] This category group the main entries (articles) of Galicia and Bukovina atlas<br />
<br />
== Community Directory ==<br />
{{#ask: [[Category:Articles]]<br />
| ?HasTitle = Title<br />
| ?HasRegion = Region<br />
| ?BelongsToTopic = Topics<br />
| format=broadtable<br />
| limit=50<br />
| sort=HasTitle<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{#default_form:Article}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasTitle&diff=570
Property:HasTitle
2026-05-26T16:47:06Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v?</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Has type::Text]]</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Category:Articles&diff=569
Category:Articles
2026-05-26T16:36:52Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Has type::Page]]<br />
[[Category:Entities]] This category group the main entries (articles) of Galicia and Bukovina atlas<br />
<br />
== Community Directory ==<br />
{{#ask: [[Category:Articles]]<br />
| ?HasTitle = Title<br />
| ?HasRegion = Region<br />
| format=broadtable<br />
| limit=50<br />
| sort=HasTitle<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{#default_form:Article}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Category:Articles&diff=568
Category:Articles
2026-05-26T16:36:25Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Has type::Page]]<br />
[[Category:Entities]] This category group the main entries (articles) of Galicia and Bukovina atlas<br />
<br />
== Community Directory ==<br />
{{#ask: [[Category:Article]]<br />
| ?HasTitle = Title<br />
| ?HasRegion = Region<br />
| format=broadtable<br />
| limit=50<br />
| sort=HasTitle<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{#default_form:Article}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=567
Main Page
2026-05-26T16:29:12Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Galicia Bukovina Main pages ==<br />
*[[:Category:Community|Communities]]<br />
*[[:Category:People|Important People]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images|Images]]<br />
*[[:Category:Articles|Main Entries]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== MediaWiki has been installed.==<br />
<br />
Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.<br />
<br />
== Getting started ==<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br />
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br />
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]<br />
<br />
See the new Hadar's Page [[Hadar Page]]!</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:7.1&diff=566
Article:7.1
2026-05-26T16:28:23Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Agnon in Galicia, Galicia in Agnon<br />
|HasAuthor=Jeffrey Saks<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Culture - Literature; Languages - Hebrew<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914; 1914-1918; 1918-1939; 1939-1945; 1945- Post War<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasRelatedPersonalities=Gershom Bader; Avraham Ya’akov Brawer; Yisrael Cohen; Aharon Appelfeld<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=3.6.3<br />
|HasMainPicture=7.1-Agnon-1<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997014347300505171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:2.5.4&diff=565
Article:2.5.4
2026-05-26T16:28:21Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Antisemitism and Anti-Jewish Violence in Late Habsburg Galicia<br />
|HasAuthor=Daniel Unowsky<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding - Acculturation and Assimilation; Economics<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1914-1918<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-2.5.4<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.5.2; 1.4.3; 2.4.7<br />
|HasMainPicture=2.5.4-Antisemitism-9<br />
|HasMap=Major Sites of anti-Jewish Violence in 1898<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604471305171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:2.5.2&diff=564
Article:2.5.2
2026-05-26T16:28:19Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Ethno-Linguistic Composition of Austrian Bukovina<br />
|HasAuthor=Paul<br />
Robert Magocsi<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding; Languages<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=2.5.1; 2.1.1<br />
|HasMainPicture=2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1<br />
|HasMap=Map-2.5.2<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604471405171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:2.5.1&diff=563
Article:2.5.1
2026-05-26T16:28:17Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Ethno-Linguistic Composition of Austrian Galicia<br />
|HasAuthor=Paul<br />
Robert Magocsi<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding; Languages<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=2.5.2; 2.1.1<br />
|HasMainPicture=2.5.1-Ethno-Galicia-7<br />
|HasMap=Map-2.5.1<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604471505171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:2.2.2&diff=562
Article:2.2.2
2026-05-26T16:28:15Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Jewish Names in Galicia and Bukovina<br />
|HasAuthor=Johannes Czakai<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding - Legal Status; Memory and Commemoration; Jews and Their Surrounding - Acculturation and Assimilation<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia, Bukovina<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-2.2.2<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=2.2.1<br />
|HasMainPicture=2.2.2-Names-5<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604471905171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:2.2.1&diff=561
Article:2.2.1
2026-05-26T16:28:14Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Jewish Self-government and the Legal Status of the Jews in Galicia, 1772 - 1848<br />
|HasAuthor=Cornelia Aust, Johannes Czakai<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding - Legal Status; Communal and Social Life<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina, Galicia<br />
|HasRelatedPersonalities=Yehezkel Landau; Menahem Mendel Torem; Herz Homberg<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=2.2.2<br />
|HasMainPicture=2.2.1-Legal-5<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472005171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:1.6.6&diff=560
Article:1.6.6
2026-05-26T16:28:11Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Jewish Messianic Movements<br />
|HasAuthor=Jan Doktór<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism; Jews and Their Surrounding<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.6.6<br />
|HasRelatedPersonalities=David Ha-Levi Segal (Taz); Neḥemyah ha-Kohen; Aryeh Leib ben Zekhariah Mendel; Hayim Malakh; Dov Ber Birkenthal; Yehudah Leib Krysa; Ḥayim ha-Cohen Rapaport<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.6.5<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.6.6-Messianic-10<br />
|HasMap=Map-1.6.6<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472405171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:1.6.5&diff=559
Article:1.6.5
2026-05-26T16:28:07Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=The Kabbalah in Galicia in the Early Modern Period<br />
|HasAuthor=Roee Goldschmidt<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772; 1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.6.5<br />
|HasRelatedPersonalities=Mosheh Isserles; Mosheh Mordekhai Margaliot; Aharon Zelig ben Mosheh; Meir Poppers; Moshe Shoham; Avraham Rapaport; Yoel Sirkis; Menaḥem Mendel Auerbach; Moshe Katz of Przemyśl; Moshe of Kitov<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.6.6<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.6.5-Kabbalah-7<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472505171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:1.6.3&diff=558
Article:1.6.3
2026-05-26T16:28:04Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Rabbi Mosheh Isserles and the Codification of Jewish Law<br />
|HasAuthor=Levi Cooper<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Religion, Rabbinate, Hasidism<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.6.3-1; Ex-1.4.3-2; Ex-1.6.3-3; Ex-1.6.3-4; Ex-1.6.3-5<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.6.1; 1.6.2<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.6.3-Rema-7a<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604472605171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Article:1.4.3&diff=557
Article:1.4.3
2026-05-26T16:28:01Z
<p>Liat: Import from JSON</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Galician Jews in the Propination: Production and Sale of Alcohol, 1496-1918<br />
|HasAuthor=Judith Kalik<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Economics; Jews and Their Surrounding; Communal and Social Life - Rural Life<br />
|HasTimePeriod=Before 1772; 1772-1914<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Ex-1.4.3-1; Ex-1.4.3-2<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=1.4.2; 2.4.3<br />
|HasMainPicture=1.4.3-Tavern-6<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=997013604473405171<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasExtension&diff=556
Property:HasExtension
2026-05-26T15:47:14Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v?</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Has type::Page]]</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasRelatedCommunities&diff=555
Property:HasRelatedCommunities
2026-05-26T15:47:08Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v?</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Has type::Page]]</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasRelatedPersonalities&diff=554
Property:HasRelatedPersonalities
2026-05-26T15:47:03Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v?</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Has type::Page]]</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasNationalLibraryCode&diff=553
Property:HasNationalLibraryCode
2026-05-26T15:46:56Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v?</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Has type::Text]]</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Form:Article&diff=552
Form:Article
2026-05-26T15:46:45Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v1.0</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- WikiSync | version=1.0 | updated=2026-05-26 --><br />
<noinclude><br />
This is the form for creating and editing Article entries.<br />
</noinclude><br />
<includeonly><br />
<div id="wikiEditor-ui-top"></div><br />
<div id="pageform-article"><br />
<br />
{{{for template|Article}}}<br />
{| class="formtable"<br />
! Title:<br />
| {{{field|HasTitle|mandatory|placeholder=e.g. Jewish Trade in Poland}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Author:<br />
| {{{field|HasAuthor|placeholder=e.g. Adam Teller}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Categories / Topics:<br />
| {{{field|BelongsToTopic|list|delimiter=;|input type=tokens|values from property=BelongsToTopic}}}<br />
''Choose from list (separate multiple with semicolon)''<br />
|-<br />
! Period:<br />
| {{{field|HasTimePeriod|list|delimiter=;|input type=tokens|values from property=HasTimePeriod}}}<br />
''Choose from list (separate multiple with semicolon)''<br />
|-<br />
! Region:<br />
| {{{field|HasRegion|placeholder=e.g. Galicia}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Extensions (related articles):<br />
| {{{field|HasExtension|list|delimiter=;|input type=combobox|values from category=Articles}}}<br />
''Separate multiple with semicolon''<br />
|-<br />
! Related Personalities:<br />
| {{{field|HasRelatedPersonalities|list|delimiter=;|input type=combobox|values from category=People}}}<br />
''Separate multiple with semicolon''<br />
|-<br />
! Related Communities:<br />
| {{{field|HasRelatedCommunities|list|delimiter=;|input type=combobox|values from category=Communities}}}<br />
''Separate multiple with semicolon''<br />
|-<br />
! Related Entries:<br />
| {{{field|HasRelatedEntries|list|delimiter=;|input type=combobox|values from category=Articles}}}<br />
''Separate multiple with semicolon''<br />
|-<br />
! Main Picture:<br />
| {{{field|HasMainPicture|input type=combobox|values from category=Images}}}<br />
|-<br />
! Map (File name):<br />
| {{{field|HasMap|placeholder=e.g. File:GaliciaMap1900.jpg}}}<br />
|-<br />
! National Library Code:<br />
| {{{field|HasNationalLibraryCode|placeholder=e.g. NNL_ALEPH001234567}}}<br />
|}<br />
{{{end template}}}<br />
<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Article text:'''<br />
{{{standard input|free text}}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Summary of changes:'''<br />
{{{standard input|summary}}}<br />
<br />
{{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}<br />
<br />
</includeonly></div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Template:Article&diff=551
Template:Article
2026-05-26T15:46:42Z
<p>Liat: WikiSync push v1.0</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- WikiSync | version=1.0 | updated=2026-05-26 --><br />
<includeonly><br />
__NOFACTBOX__<br />
[[Category:Articles]]<br />
<br />
<!-- ==========================================================<br />
DATA STORAGE (THE "SET" BLOCK)<br />
========================================================== --><br />
{{#set:<br />
|HasTitle={{{HasTitle|}}}<br />
|HasAuthor={{{HasAuthor|}}}<br />
|HasRegion={{{HasRegion|}}}<br />
|HasMainPicture={{{HasMainPicture|}}}<br />
|HasMap={{{HasMap|}}}<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode={{{HasNationalLibraryCode|}}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Handle List Properties (Split by semicolon) --><br />
{{#if:{{{BelongsToTopic|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{BelongsToTopic|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:BelongsToTopic=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasTimePeriod|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasTimePeriod|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:HasTimePeriod=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasExtension|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasExtension|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:HasExtension=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedPersonalities|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedPersonalities|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:HasRelatedPersonalities=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedCommunities|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedCommunities|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:HasRelatedCommunities=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedEntries|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedEntries|}}}|;|@@|{{#set:HasRelatedEntries=@@}}|}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- ==========================================================<br />
VISUAL DISPLAY (THE CARD)<br />
========================================================== --><br />
<div class="article-card" style="<br />
font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;<br />
border: 1px solid #c8d0d8;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
background: #ffffff;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
margin: 0 0 1.5em 0;<br />
box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.10);<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
display: block;<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
"><br />
<br />
<!-- Card Header --><br />
<div style="<br />
background: linear-gradient(135deg, #3b2a1a 0%, #5c4033 100%);<br />
color: #ffffff;<br />
padding: 0.75em 1em 0.6em 1em;<br />
"><br />
<div style="font-size:1.25em; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing:0.02em; line-height:1.2;"><br />
{{{HasTitle|{{PAGENAME}}}}}<br />
</div><br />
{{#if:{{{HasAuthor|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.82em; opacity:0.80; margin-top:0.2em;">{{{HasAuthor}}}</div><br />
}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- Body: two-column layout — metadata left, image right --><br />
<div style="padding: 0.85em 1em 0.9em 1em; display:table; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box;"><br />
<br />
<!-- Left column: all metadata --><br />
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;"><br />
<br />
<!-- Topics --><br />
{{#if:{{{BelongsToTopic|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.55em; text-align:left;"><br />
<span style="color:#777;">'''Topics'''</span><br />
<ul style="margin:0.2em 0 0 1.2em; padding:0;"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{BelongsToTopic|}}}|;|@@|<li>[[BelongsToTopic::@@]]</li>|}}<br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Period & Region --><br />
<table style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.55em;"><br />
{{#if:{{{HasTimePeriod|}}}|<br />
<tr><br />
<td style="color:#777; padding:0.12em 0.8em 0.12em 0; white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;">'''Period'''</td><br />
<td style="color:#222; text-align:left;">{{#arraymap:{{{HasTimePeriod|}}}|;|@@|[[HasTimePeriod::@@]]|&ensp;·&ensp;}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasRegion|}}}|<br />
<tr><br />
<td style="color:#777; padding:0.12em 0.8em 0.12em 0; white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;">'''Region'''</td><br />
<td style="color:#222; text-align:left;">{{{HasRegion}}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
}}<br />
{{#if:{{{HasNationalLibraryCode|}}}|<br />
<tr><br />
<td style="color:#777; padding:0.12em 0.8em 0.12em 0; white-space:nowrap; vertical-align:top; text-align:left;">'''NLI Code'''</td><br />
<td style="color:#222; text-align:left;">{{{HasNationalLibraryCode}}}</td><br />
</tr><br />
}}<br />
</table><br />
<br />
<!-- Extensions --><br />
{{#if:{{{HasExtension|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.55em; text-align:left;"><br />
<span style="color:#777;">'''Extensions'''</span><br />
<ul style="margin:0.2em 0 0 1.2em; padding:0;"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasExtension|}}}|;|@@|<li>[[HasExtension::@@|@@]]</li>|}}<br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Related Personalities --><br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedPersonalities|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.55em; text-align:left;"><br />
<span style="color:#777;">'''Related Personalities'''</span><br />
<ul style="margin:0.2em 0 0 1.2em; padding:0;"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedPersonalities|}}}|;|@@|<li>[[@@]]</li>|}}<br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Related Communities --><br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedCommunities|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.55em; text-align:left;"><br />
<span style="color:#777;">'''Related Communities'''</span><br />
<ul style="margin:0.2em 0 0 1.2em; padding:0;"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedCommunities|}}}|;|@@|<li>[[@@]]</li>|}}<br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Related Entries --><br />
{{#if:{{{HasRelatedEntries|}}}|<br />
<div style="font-size:0.88em; margin-bottom:0.3em; text-align:left;"><br />
<span style="color:#777;">'''Related Entries'''</span><br />
<ul style="margin:0.2em 0 0 1.2em; padding:0;"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{HasRelatedEntries|}}}|;|@@|<li>[[@@]]</li>|}}<br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
</div><!-- /left column --><br />
<br />
<!-- Right column: main picture or placeholder --><br />
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:top; padding-left:1em; width:160px; min-width:160px;"><br />
{{#if:{{{HasMainPicture|}}}|<br />
[[{{#show: {{{HasMainPicture|}}} |?HasFile#-}}|thumb|150px|center|{{{HasTitle|}}}]]<br />
|<br />
<div style="<br />
width:150px;<br />
height:180px;<br />
background:#f0f2f5;<br />
border:1px dashed #c0c8d0;<br />
border-radius:4px;<br />
display:flex;<br />
align-items:center;<br />
justify-content:center;<br />
color:#b0b8c4;<br />
font-size:0.78em;<br />
text-align:center;<br />
line-height:1.4;<br />
box-sizing:border-box;<br />
padding:0.5em;<br />
">No image<br/>available</div><br />
}}<br />
</div><!-- /right column --><br />
<br />
</div><!-- /body --><br />
<br />
<!-- Map (full width, below body) --><br />
{{#if:{{{HasMap|}}}|<br />
<div style="border-top:1px solid #e4e8ec; padding:0.75em 1em; text-align:center;"><br />
[[{{{HasMap|}}}|center|thumb|500px|Map]]<br />
</div><br />
}}<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</includeonly><br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
Use this template on Article: pages to describe encyclopedia entries.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
<pre><br />
{{Article<br />
|HasTitle=Jewish Trade in Poland<br />
|HasAuthor=Adam Teller<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Economics; Commerce<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914; 1648-1772<br />
|HasRegion=Galicia<br />
|HasExtension=Article:042; Article:078<br />
|HasRelatedPersonalities=Person:Q123456; Person:Q789012<br />
|HasRelatedCommunities=Community:Kraków; Community:Lviv<br />
|HasRelatedEntries=Article:011; Article:055<br />
|HasMainPicture=Image:TomaszTreter1609<br />
|HasMap=File:GaliciaMap1900.jpg<br />
|HasNationalLibraryCode=NNL_ALEPH001234567<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Then write the '''narrative text''' of the article directly after the template call.<br />
</noinclude></div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Property:HasRelatedEntries&diff=550
Property:HasRelatedEntries
2026-05-26T15:42:55Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>This property stores reference to reltaed pages in the Atlas<br />
<br />
Use ; character to seperate Pages<br />
<br />
{{Property<br />
|Has type=Page<br />
|Allows multiple values=true<br />
|Description=This property holds multiple links to internal entries in this atlas.<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Category:People&diff=549
Category:People
2026-05-26T07:21:20Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is the People category.<br />
<br />
It has type [[Has type::Page]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Entities]] <br />
<br />
This category documents important people in Galicia and Bukovina communities.<br />
<br />
== People Directory ==<br />
{{#ask: [[Category:People]]<br />
| ?HasName = Name<br />
| ?HasArticle = Related Article<br />
| ?HasImage.HasFile = Picture |+width=40<br />
| format=broadtable<br />
| limit=50<br />
| sort=HasName<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{#default_form:Person}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1&diff=548
Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1
2026-05-26T07:07:58Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:2.5.2. Ethno-Bukovina-1.png<br />
|ImageID=2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Greetings from Bukovina'''. Postcard, Chernivtsi, 1899.<br />
The postcard showcases Bukovina's ethnic diversity by depicting various ethnoreligious groups within the local population. From left to right: Romanians, Jews, Hutsuls, Lipovans, Ruthenians<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1&diff=547
Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1
2026-05-26T07:07:23Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:2.5.2. Ethno-Bukovina-1.png<br />
|ImageID=2.5.2. Ethno-Bukovina-1<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Greetings from Bukovina'''. Postcard, Chernivtsi, 1899.<br />
The postcard showcases Bukovina's ethnic diversity by depicting various ethnoreligious groups within the local population. From left to right: Romanians, Jews, Hutsuls, Lipovans, Ruthenians<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1&diff=546
Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1
2026-05-26T07:07:01Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:2.5.2. Ethno-Bukovina-1.png<br />
|ImageID=2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Greetings from Bukovina'''. Postcard, Chernivtsi, 1899.<br />
The postcard showcases Bukovina's ethnic diversity by depicting various ethnoreligious groups within the local population. From left to right: Romanians, Jews, Hutsuls, Lipovans, Ruthenians<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
}}</div>
Liat
http://elijahwiki.info/index.php?title=Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1&diff=545
Image:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1
2026-05-26T07:04:08Z
<p>Liat: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|HasFile=File:2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1.png<br />
|ImageID=2.5.2-Ethno-Bukovina-1<br />
|HasImageCaption='''Greetings from Bukovina'''. Postcard, Chernivtsi, 1899.<br />
The postcard showcases Bukovina's ethnic diversity by depicting various ethnoreligious groups within the local population. From left to right: Romanians, Jews, Hutsuls, Lipovans, Ruthenians<br />
|HasImageKind=Image<br />
|HasRegion=Bukovina<br />
|BelongsToTopic=Jews and Their Surrounding<br />
|HasTimePeriod=1772-1914<br />
}}</div>
Liat